diff --git a/codex-rs/tui/src/app/startup.rs b/codex-rs/tui/src/app/startup.rs
index 9ff641e115..d58c5c742b 100644
--- a/codex-rs/tui/src/app/startup.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/tui/src/app/startup.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ fn spawn_startup_thread_start(
     app_server: &AppServerSession,
     local_settings: crate::local_settings::LocalSettings,
     config: Config,
+    launch_choices: crate::app_server_session::StartupLaunchChoices,
     app_event_tx: AppEventSender,
     worktree: Option<crate::ManagedTuiWorktree>,
 ) {
@@ -25,7 +26,6 @@ fn spawn_startup_thread_start(
     let thread_params_mode = app_server.thread_params_mode();
     let remote_cwd_override = app_server.remote_cwd_override().map(Path::to_path_buf);
     let thread_tool_transport = app_server.thread_tool_transport();
-    let model_provider_override = app_server.model_provider_override.clone();
     tokio::spawn(async move {
         let result = crate::app_server_session::start_thread_with_request_handle(
             request_handle,
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn spawn_startup_thread_start(
             thread_params_mode,
             remote_cwd_override,
             thread_tool_transport,
-            model_provider_override,
+            launch_choices,
         )
         .await
         .and_then(|started| {
@@ -331,6 +331,11 @@ impl App {
                 &harness_overrides,
             );
         }
+        let mut launch_choices = crate::app_server_session::StartupLaunchChoices::from_launch(
+            &cli_kv_overrides,
+            &harness_overrides,
+            &loader_overrides,
+        );
         let mut model = startup_model(&config, &bootstrap, startup_defaults.server_defaults_read);
         let available_models = bootstrap.available_models;
         let remote_connection = crate::status::remote_connection::remote_connection_status_value(
@@ -361,6 +366,7 @@ impl App {
                     tui,
                     &mut config,
                     &local_settings,
+                    &mut launch_choices,
                     model.as_str(),
                     &app_event_tx,
                     &available_models,
@@ -461,6 +467,7 @@ impl App {
                         &app_server,
                         local_settings.clone(),
                         config.clone(),
+                        launch_choices,
                         app_event_tx.clone(),
                         managed_worktree.clone(),
                     );
diff --git a/codex-rs/tui/src/app/startup_prompts.rs b/codex-rs/tui/src/app/startup_prompts.rs
index 08f8668c58..d0f3b31669 100644
--- a/codex-rs/tui/src/app/startup_prompts.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/tui/src/app/startup_prompts.rs
@@ -217,6 +217,7 @@ pub(super) fn target_preset_for_upgrade<'a>(
 
 pub(super) fn apply_accepted_model_migration(
     config: &mut Config,
+    launch_choices: &mut crate::app_server_session::StartupLaunchChoices,
     app_event_tx: &AppEventSender,
     from_model: String,
     target_model: String,
@@ -227,6 +228,8 @@ pub(super) fn apply_accepted_model_migration(
         to_model: target_model.clone(),
     });
 
+    launch_choices.model = Some(target_model.clone());
+    launch_choices.effort = Some(serde_json::json!(target_default_effort));
     config.model = Some(target_model.clone());
     config.model_reasoning_effort = Some(target_default_effort.clone());
     app_event_tx.send(AppEvent::UpdateModel(target_model.clone()));
@@ -310,6 +313,7 @@ pub(super) async fn handle_model_migration_prompt_if_needed(
     tui: &mut tui::Tui,
     config: &mut Config,
     local_settings: &crate::local_settings::LocalSettings,
+    launch_choices: &mut crate::app_server_session::StartupLaunchChoices,
     model: &str,
     app_event_tx: &AppEventSender,
     available_models: &[ModelPreset],
@@ -367,6 +371,7 @@ pub(super) async fn handle_model_migration_prompt_if_needed(
             ModelMigrationOutcome::Accepted => {
                 apply_accepted_model_migration(
                     config,
+                    launch_choices,
                     app_event_tx,
                     model.to_string(),
                     target_model.clone(),
diff --git a/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/disconnect_tests.rs b/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/disconnect_tests.rs
index 2cdaea45e3..2daf07b457 100644
--- a/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/disconnect_tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/disconnect_tests.rs
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ async fn lost_initial_thread_reply_keeps_startup_draft_offline() -> Result<()> {
             ThreadParamsMode::Remote,
             /*remote_cwd_override*/ None,
             session.thread_tool_transport(),
-            /*model_provider_override*/ None,
+            crate::app_server_session::StartupLaunchChoices::default(),
         )
         .await;
         let mut tui = crate::tui::test_support::make_test_tui()?;
diff --git a/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/model_catalog.rs b/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/model_catalog.rs
index f4f19c5352..273725c2f2 100644
--- a/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/model_catalog.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/model_catalog.rs
@@ -439,6 +439,7 @@ async fn accepted_model_migration_persists_target_default_reasoning_effort() ->
         let app_event_tx = AppEventSender::new(tx_raw);
         apply_accepted_model_migration(
             &mut config,
+            &mut crate::app_server_session::StartupLaunchChoices::default(),
             &app_event_tx,
             current_model,
             upgrade.id,
diff --git a/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/session_lifecycle_requests.rs b/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/session_lifecycle_requests.rs
index 908d621183..341bf6e643 100644
--- a/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/session_lifecycle_requests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/session_lifecycle_requests.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ async fn daybreak_command_persists_and_confirms_each_selection() -> Result<()> {
         crate::app_server_session::ThreadParamsMode::Embedded,
         /*remote_cwd_override*/ None,
         server.thread_tool_transport(),
-        /*model_provider_override*/ None,
+        crate::app_server_session::StartupLaunchChoices::default(),
     )
     .await?;
     assert!(startup.session.daybreak_enabled);
@@ -1024,7 +1024,7 @@ async fn external_transport_registers_dynamic_tools_and_finds_task_mentions() ->
         crate::app_server_session::ThreadParamsMode::Embedded,
         /*remote_cwd_override*/ None,
         app_server.thread_tool_transport(),
-        /*model_provider_override*/ None,
+        crate::app_server_session::StartupLaunchChoices::default(),
     )
     .await?;
     assert!(startup.task_tools_available);
@@ -1305,7 +1305,7 @@ async fn local_daemon_registers_approval_gated_mcp_tools_for_both_start_paths()
         crate::app_server_session::ThreadParamsMode::Embedded,
         /*remote_cwd_override*/ None,
         app_server.thread_tool_transport(),
-        /*model_provider_override*/ None,
+        crate::app_server_session::StartupLaunchChoices::default(),
     )
     .await?;
     assert!(startup.task_tools_available);
@@ -1696,7 +1696,7 @@ async fn older_external_server_starts_without_unsupported_dynamic_tools_or_histo
         crate::app_server_session::ThreadParamsMode::Embedded,
         /*remote_cwd_override*/ None,
         app_server.thread_tool_transport(),
-        /*model_provider_override*/ None,
+        crate::app_server_session::StartupLaunchChoices::default(),
     )
     .await?;
     assert!(!startup.task_tools_available);
diff --git a/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/startup_defaults_tests.rs b/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/startup_defaults_tests.rs
index 22e27ed3f1..85e337487e 100644
--- a/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/startup_defaults_tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/tui/src/app/tests/startup_defaults_tests.rs
@@ -175,21 +175,50 @@ async fn run_until_thread_start(
 
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn fresh_startup_uses_server_defaults_with_explicit_and_managed_precedence() -> Result<()> {
-    for (choice, managed, expected_model, expected_effort) in [
-        ("saved", false, "server-model", "high"),
-        ("cli_model", true, "cli-model", "high"),
-        ("cli_effort", true, "server-model", "low"),
-        ("profile_model", false, "profile-model", "high"),
-        ("profile_effort", false, "server-model", "low"),
-        ("profile_model", true, "profile-model", "high"),
-        ("profile_effort", true, "server-model", "low"),
-        ("managed", true, "managed-model", "medium"),
+    for (choice, managed, expected_model, expected_effort, expected_provider) in [
+        ("saved", false, None, None, None),
+        ("cli_model", true, Some("cli-model"), None, None),
+        ("kv_model", false, Some("kv-model"), None, None),
+        (
+            "migration",
+            false,
+            Some("upgraded-model"),
+            Some("high"),
+            None,
+        ),
+        ("cli_effort", true, None, Some("low"), None),
+        ("cli_provider", false, None, None, Some("openai")),
+        ("kv_provider", false, None, None, Some("openai")),
+        (
+            "profile_model",
+            false,
+            Some("profile-model"),
+            Some("high"),
+            None,
+        ),
+        (
+            "profile_effort",
+            false,
+            Some("server-model"),
+            Some("low"),
+            None,
+        ),
+        ("managed", true, None, None, None),
     ] {
         let client_home = tempdir()?;
         let server_home = tempdir()?;
         std::fs::write(
             client_home.path().join("config.toml"),
-            "model = \"client-model\"\nmodel_reasoning_effort = \"low\"\n",
+            r#"
+model = "client-model"
+model_reasoning_effort = "low"
+model_provider = "client-provider"
+[model_providers.client-provider]
+name = "Client provider"
+base_url = "http://127.0.0.1:9/v1"
+wire_api = "responses"
+requires_openai_auth = false
+"#,
         )?;
         std::fs::write(
             server_home.path().join("config.toml"),
@@ -206,6 +235,13 @@ async fn fresh_startup_uses_server_defaults_with_explicit_and_managed_precedence
         let mut loader_overrides = LoaderOverrides::without_managed_config_for_tests();
         match choice {
             "cli_model" => harness_overrides.model = Some("cli-model".to_string()),
+            "kv_model" => cli_kv_overrides.extend([
+                ("model".into(), "earlier-model".into()),
+                ("model".into(), "kv-model".into()),
+            ]),
+            "migration" => harness_overrides.model = Some("old-model".into()),
+            "cli_provider" => harness_overrides.model_provider = Some("openai".into()),
+            "kv_provider" => cli_kv_overrides.push(("model_provider".into(), "openai".into())),
             "cli_effort" => cli_kv_overrides.push((
                 "model_reasoning_effort".to_string(),
                 TomlValue::String("low".to_string()),
@@ -225,6 +261,11 @@ async fn fresh_startup_uses_server_defaults_with_explicit_and_managed_precedence
             }
             _ => {}
         }
+        let mut launch_choices = crate::app_server_session::StartupLaunchChoices::from_launch(
+            &cli_kv_overrides,
+            &harness_overrides,
+            &loader_overrides,
+        );
         let mut config = ConfigBuilder::default()
             .codex_home(client_home.path().to_path_buf())
             .loader_overrides(loader_overrides)
@@ -249,7 +290,7 @@ async fn fresh_startup_uses_server_defaults_with_explicit_and_managed_precedence
         )
         .await?;
         server = server.with_remote_cwd_override(Some(server_config.cwd.to_path_buf()));
-        let bootstrap = server.bootstrap(&config).await?;
+        server.bootstrap(&config).await?;
         assert!(
             prepare_fresh_startup_config(
                 &mut config,
@@ -261,32 +302,42 @@ async fn fresh_startup_uses_server_defaults_with_explicit_and_managed_precedence
             .await?
             .server_defaults_read
         );
-        let selected_model = startup_model(&config, &bootstrap, /*server_defaults_read*/ true);
-        let started = crate::app_server_session::start_thread_with_request_handle(
+        if choice == "migration" {
+            let (tx, _rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel();
+            apply_accepted_model_migration(
+                &mut config,
+                &mut launch_choices,
+                &AppEventSender::new(tx),
+                "old-model".into(),
+                "upgraded-model".into(),
+                ReasoningEffortConfig::High,
+            );
+        }
+        crate::app_server_session::start_thread_with_request_handle(
             server.request_handle(),
             &crate::local_settings::LocalSettings::from(&config),
             config,
             server.thread_params_mode(),
             server.remote_cwd_override().map(Path::to_path_buf),
             server.thread_tool_transport(),
-            /*model_provider_override*/ None,
+            launch_choices,
         )
         .await?;
-        assert_eq!(selected_model, expected_model, "{choice}");
         let starts = recorded_params(&requests, "thread/start");
         assert_eq!(starts.len(), 1, "{choice}");
         assert_eq!(
             (
-                &starts[0]["model"],
-                &starts[0]["config"]["model_reasoning_effort"]
+                starts[0]["model"].clone(),
+                starts[0]["config"].get("model_reasoning_effort").cloned(),
+                starts[0]["modelProvider"].clone()
             ),
             (
-                &serde_json::json!(expected_model),
-                &serde_json::json!(expected_effort)
+                serde_json::json!(expected_model),
+                expected_effort.map(serde_json::Value::from),
+                serde_json::json!(expected_provider),
             ),
             "{choice}"
         );
-        assert_eq!(started.session.model, expected_model, "{choice}");
         assert_eq!(
             recorded_params(&requests, "config/read")
                 .into_iter()
@@ -372,7 +423,7 @@ async fn fresh_startup_reads_destination_and_cleared_model_uses_catalog() -> Res
             server.thread_params_mode(),
             server.remote_cwd_override().map(Path::to_path_buf),
             server.thread_tool_transport(),
-            /*model_provider_override*/ None,
+            crate::app_server_session::StartupLaunchChoices::default(),
         )
         .await?;
         assert_eq!(started.session.model, selected_model);
@@ -389,7 +440,7 @@ async fn fresh_startup_reads_destination_and_cleared_model_uses_catalog() -> Res
         let starts = recorded_params(&requests, "thread/start");
         assert_eq!(starts.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(starts[0]["model"], serde_json::Value::Null);
-        assert_eq!(starts[0]["config"]["model_reasoning_effort"], "high");
+        assert!(starts[0]["config"].get("model_reasoning_effort").is_none());
         let (mut app, _, _) = make_test_app_with_channels().await;
         app.chat_widget.handle_thread_session_quiet(started.session);
         if !remote {
@@ -457,10 +508,7 @@ async fn fresh_startup_falls_back_only_for_unsupported_config_read() -> Result<(
                 &starts[0]["model"],
                 &starts[0]["config"]["model_reasoning_effort"]
             ),
-            (
-                &serde_json::json!("client-model"),
-                &serde_json::json!("low")
-            )
+            (&serde_json::Value::Null, &serde_json::Value::Null)
         );
         tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(/*secs*/ 15), proxy).await???;
     }
@@ -520,10 +568,7 @@ async fn startup_reads_server_defaults_before_starting_thread() -> Result<()> {
             &starts[0]["model"],
             &starts[0]["config"]["model_reasoning_effort"]
         ),
-        (
-            &serde_json::json!("server-model"),
-            &serde_json::json!("high")
-        ),
+        (&serde_json::Value::Null, &serde_json::Value::Null),
     );
     tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(/*secs*/ 15), proxy).await???;
     Ok(())
diff --git a/codex-rs/tui/src/app_server_session.rs b/codex-rs/tui/src/app_server_session.rs
index ac9657391c..432a082c82 100644
--- a/codex-rs/tui/src/app_server_session.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/tui/src/app_server_session.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ pub(crate) mod provider_selection;
 mod provider_selection_tests;
 mod realtime;
 mod rollout_history;
+mod startup_launch;
 mod thread_list;
 mod web_search;
 
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ pub(crate) use history::HISTORY_ITEM_SCAN_LIMIT;
 pub(crate) use history::HistoryHydrationScope;
 pub(crate) use history::INITIAL_HISTORY_TURN_LIMIT;
 pub(crate) use history::thread_items_page_params;
+pub(crate) use startup_launch::StartupLaunchChoices;
 
 use crate::app_event::PermissionProfileSelection;
 use crate::app_event_sender::AppEventSender;
@@ -1729,7 +1731,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_thread_with_request_handle(
     thread_params_mode: ThreadParamsMode,
     remote_cwd_override: Option<PathBuf>,
     thread_tool_transport: ThreadToolTransport,
-    model_provider_override: Option<String>,
+    launch_choices: StartupLaunchChoices,
 ) -> Result<AppServerStartedThread> {
     let request_id = RequestId::String(format!("startup-thread-start-{}", Uuid::new_v4()));
     let mut params = thread_start_params_from_config(
@@ -1738,7 +1740,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_thread_with_request_handle(
         remote_cwd_override.as_deref(),
         /*session_start_source*/ None,
     );
-    params.model_provider = model_provider_override.or(params.model_provider);
+    launch_choices.configure(&mut params);
     params.daybreak_enabled = (config.daybreak_enabled && !config.ephemeral).then_some(true);
     thread_tool_transport.configure(&mut params);
     let (response, _history_support, task_tools_available) =
diff --git a/codex-rs/tui/src/app_server_session/prompt_history_tests.rs b/codex-rs/tui/src/app_server_session/prompt_history_tests.rs
index 28092d3321..6743f85a16 100644
--- a/codex-rs/tui/src/app_server_session/prompt_history_tests.rs
+++ b/codex-rs/tui/src/app_server_session/prompt_history_tests.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ async fn lifecycle_metadata_uses_local_prompt_history() -> Result<()> {
             mode,
             /*remote_cwd_override*/ None,
             app_server.thread_tool_transport(),
-            /*model_provider_override*/ None,
+            crate::app_server_session::StartupLaunchChoices::default(),
         )
         .await?;
         assert_eq!(startup.session.message_history, expected);
diff --git a/codex-rs/tui/src/app_server_session/startup_launch.rs b/codex-rs/tui/src/app_server_session/startup_launch.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b9cfaad187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/codex-rs/tui/src/app_server_session/startup_launch.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+//! First-thread model overrides come from invocation inputs, independently of local config.
+//! Explicit profile launches retain their existing resolved-config path until server profile
+//! selection is available for connected launches.
+
+use crate::legacy_core::config::ConfigOverrides;
+use codex_app_server_protocol::ThreadStartParams;
+use codex_config::LoaderOverrides;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct StartupLaunchChoices {
+    pub(crate) model: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) effort: Option<serde_json::Value>,
+    provider: Option<String>,
+    selected_profile: bool,
+}
+
+impl StartupLaunchChoices {
+    pub(crate) fn from_launch(
+        cli_overrides: &[(String, toml::Value)],
+        harness_overrides: &ConfigOverrides,
+        loader_overrides: &LoaderOverrides,
+    ) -> Self {
+        if loader_overrides.user_config_profile.is_some() {
+            return Self {
+                provider: harness_overrides.model_provider.clone(),
+                selected_profile: true,
+                ..Self::default()
+            };
+        }
+        let value = |key| {
+            cli_overrides
+                .iter()
+                .rev()
+                .find(|(path, _)| path == key)
+                .map(|(_, value)| value)
+        };
+        Self {
+            model: harness_overrides.model.clone().or_else(|| {
+                value("model")
+                    .and_then(toml::Value::as_str)
+                    .map(str::to_owned)
+            }),
+            effort: value("model_reasoning_effort")
+                .and_then(|value| serde_json::to_value(value).ok()),
+            provider: harness_overrides.model_provider.clone().or_else(|| {
+                value("model_provider")
+                    .and_then(toml::Value::as_str)
+                    .map(str::to_owned)
+            }),
+            selected_profile: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn configure(self, params: &mut ThreadStartParams) {
+        if self.selected_profile {
+            params.model_provider = self.provider.or(params.model_provider.take());
+            return;
+        }
+        params.model = self.model;
+        params.model_provider = self.provider;
+        if let Some(overrides) = params.config.as_mut() {
+            overrides.remove("model_reasoning_effort");
+        }
+        if let Some(effort) = self.effort {
+            params
+                .config
+                .get_or_insert_default()
+                .insert("model_reasoning_effort".into(), effort);
+        }
+    }
+}