From 2d2e2d98fb5daedfea7ef01dd27ef6d0d434ab62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Antonio SJ Musumeci Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 19:12:29 -0600 Subject: [PATCH] Deployed e613d9415 to 2.42.0-rc2 with Zensical 0.0.36 and mike 2.2.0+zensical-0.1.0 --- 2.42.0-rc2/404.html | 2159 +++++++++++ 2.42.0-rc2/assets/images/favicon.png | Bin 0 -> 1870 bytes 2.42.0-rc2/assets/javascripts/LICENSE | 29 + .../assets/javascripts/bundle.dbc0afdc.min.js | 3 + .../workers/search.e2d2d235.min.js | 1 + .../stylesheets/classic/main.a2001754.min.css | 1 + .../classic/palette.7dc9a0ad.min.css | 1 + .../stylesheets/modern/main.1e981d71.min.css | 1 + .../modern/palette.dfe2e883.min.css | 1 + 2.42.0-rc2/benchmarking/index.html | 2549 ++++++++++++ .../config/branches-mount-timeout/index.html | 2419 ++++++++++++ 2.42.0-rc2/config/branches/index.html | 2725 +++++++++++++ 2.42.0-rc2/config/cache/index.html | 2691 +++++++++++++ .../config/deprecated_options/index.html | 2315 +++++++++++ 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Benchmarking

+

Filesystems are complicated. They do many things and many of those are +interconnected. Additionally, the OS, drivers, hardware, etc. can all +impact performance. Therefore, when benchmarking, it is necessary +that the test focuses as narrowly as possible.

+

For most throughput is the key benchmark. To test throughput dd is +useful but must be used with the correct settings in order to +ensure the filesystem or device is actually being tested. The OS can +and will cache data. Without forcing synchronous reads and writes +and/or disabling caching the values returned will not be +representative of the device's true performance.

+

When benchmarking through mergerfs ensure you only use 1 branch to +remove any possibility of the policies or differences in underlying +filesystems complicating the situation. Benchmark the underlying +filesystem first and then mount mergerfs with that same filesystem and +that. Throughput will be lower but if you are experiencing speeds +below your expectation you will need to narrow down precisely which +component is leading to the slowdown. Preferably test the following in +the order listed (but not combined).

+
    +
  1. Enable nullrw mode with nullrw=true. This will effectively make + reads and writes no-ops. Removing the underlying device / + filesystem from the equation. This will give us the top theoretical + speeds.
    2. +
  2. Configure mergerfs to use a tmpfs branch. tmpfs is a RAM + disk. Extremely high speed and very low latency. This is a more + realistic best case scenario. Example: mount -t tmpfs -o size=2G + tmpfs /tmp/tmpfs
    3. +
  3. Configure mergerfs to use a local device filesystem branch. NVMe, + SSD, HDD, etc. Test them individually. If you have different + interconnects / controllers use the same storage device when + testing to ensure consistency.
    4. +
  4. Configure mergerfs to use any network filesystems you plan to use + one at a time. It may also be worth trying a different network + filesystem. NFS vs CIFS/SMB/Samba vs sshfs, etc.
    5. +
+

Once you find the component which has the performance issue you can do +further testing with different options to see if they impact +performance. If you find a specific system, device, filesystem, +controller, etc. that performs poorly contact the author so it can be +investigated further.

+

Sometimes the problem is really the application accessing or writing +data through mergerfs. Some software use small buffer sizes which can +lead to more requests and therefore greater overhead. You can test +this out yourself by replacing bs=1M in the examples below with +ibs or obs and using a size of 512 instead of 1M. In one +example test using nullrw the write speed dropped from 4.9GB/s to +69.7MB/s when moving from 1M to 512. Similar results were had when +testing reads. Small writes overhead may be improved by leveraging a +write cache but in casual tests little gain was found. If you have an +app that appears slow with mergerfs it could be due to this. strace +can be used with the app in question or mergerfs to see the size of +read/writes. Contact the software author or worse case the mergerfs +author so it may be investigated further.

+

Write Benchmark

+
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/mergerfs/16GB.file bs=1M count=16384 oflag=nocache conv=fdatasync status=progress
+
+

Read Benchmark

+
$ dd if=/mnt/mergerfs/16GB.file of=/dev/null bs=1M iflag=nocache conv=fdatasync status=progress
+
+

fio

+

fio is a popular and flexible benchmarking tool.

+

Below are some basic tests but also try setting --direct=0, changing +the ioengine, or playing with other options.

+

Write

+
$ fio --name=writetest --filename=/mnt/mergerfs/16GB.file --size=16Gb --rw=write --bs=1M --direct=1  --numjobs=1 --iodepth=8 --group_reporting --runtime=60 --startdelay=0 --ioengine=psync
+
+

Read

+
$ fio --name=readtest --filename=/mnt/mergerfs/16GB.file --size=16Gb --rw=read --bs=1M --direct=1  --numjobs=1 --iodepth=8 --group_reporting --runtime=60 --startdelay=0 --ioengine=psync
+
+

Other Benchmarks

+

If you are attempting to benchmark other behaviors you must ensure you +clear kernel caches before runs. In fact it would be a good deal to +run before the read and write benchmarks as well just in case.

+
sync
+echo 3 | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
+
+

Additional Reading

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/branches-mount-timeout/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/branches-mount-timeout/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d8eb2c92 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/branches-mount-timeout/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2419 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + branches-mount-timeout - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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branches-mount-timeout

+
    +
  • type: UINT (seconds)
    • +
  • default: 0
    • +
+

mergerfs is compatible with any path, whether it be a mount point or a +directory on your root +filesystem. It doesn’t +require branch paths to be mounted or to match a specific filesystem +at startup, and it operates effectively without needing details about +the intended filesystem. This flexibility eliminates the need to +manage mount ordering, which is particularly advantageous on modern +systems where filesystems are mounted asynchronously, resulting in +unpredictable mount sequences. While +systemd +offers a way to enforce mount dependencies using the +x-systemd.requires=PATH +option in /etc/fstab, applying this to every branch path is both +cumbersome and susceptible to errors.

+

branches-mount-timeout will cause mergerfs to first attempt to mount +each branch if the branch appears to be on the same filesystem as the +mergerfs mount point and then wait for all branches to become +"mounted." The logic to determine "mounted" is as follows.

+
    +
  1. It is mounted if the branch directory has the extended attribute + user.mergerfs.branch
    2. +
  2. It is mounted if the branch directory contains a file named + .mergerfs.branch
    3. +
  3. It is not mounted if the branch directory has the extended + attribute user.mergerfs.branch_mounts_here
    4. +
  4. It is not mounted if the branch directory contains + a file named .mergerfs.branch_mounts_here
    5. +
  5. It is mounted if the st_dev value of the mergerfs mount point is + different from the branch path.
    6. +
+

These files and xattrs are used to help mergerfs know whether or not +a directory happens to be a branch or is the underlying directory +mount point.

+

NOTE: If on a systemd based system and using fstab it is a +good idea to set the mount option +x-systemd.mount-timeout +to some value longer than branches-mount-timeout otherwise systemd +might kill mergerfs before it finishes waiting.

+

NOTE: The way mergerfs attempts to mount the branch is by +calling out to the system command mount with the branch as the +target. If that path is configured in /etc/fstab as a mount point +then mount should attempt to mount it with the settings defined in +fstab.

+

branches-mount-timeout-fail

+

Default: false

+

When set to true mergerfs will fail entirely after +branches-mount-timeout expires without all branches being +mounted. If set to false it will simply ignore the mount status of +the branches and continue on. The details will be +logged.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/branches/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/branches/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a83e6da0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/branches/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2725 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + branches - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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branches

+

The branches argument is a colon (':') delimited list of paths to be +pooled together. It does not matter if the paths are on the same or +different filesystems nor does it matter the filesystem +type +(within reason). Used and available space metrics will not be +duplicated for paths on the same filesystem and any features which +aren't supported by the underlying filesystem (such as file attributes +or extended attributes) will return the appropriate errors.

+

Branches currently have two options which can be set. A +mode which impacts whether or not the branch is +included in a policy calculation and a individual +minfreespace value. The values are set by +prepending an = at the end of a branch designation and using commas +as delimiters. Example: /mnt/drive=RW,1234

+

branch mode

+
    +
  • RW: (read/write) - Default behavior. Will be eligible in all policy + categories.
    • +
  • RO: (read-only) - Will be excluded from create and action + policies. Same as a read-only mounted filesystem would be (though + faster to process).
    • +
  • NC: (no-create) - Will be excluded from create policies. You can't + create on that branch but you can change or delete.
    • +
+

minfreespace

+

Same purpose and syntax as the global option but +specific to the branch. Defaults to the global value.

+

globbing

+

To make it easier to include multiple branches mergerfs supports +globbing. The globbing tokens +MUST be escaped when using via the shell else the shell itself will +apply the glob itself.

+
# mergerfs /mnt/hdd\*:/mnt/ssd /media
+
+

The above line will use all directories in /mnt prefixed with hdd +as well as ssd.

+

To have the pool mounted at boot or otherwise accessible from related +tools use /etc/fstab.

+
# <file system>        <mount point>  <type>    <options>             <dump>  <pass>
+/mnt/hdd*:/mnt/ssd    /media          mergerfs  minfreespace=16G      0       0
+
+

NOTE: The globbing is done at mount or when updated using the +runtime API. If a new directory is added matching the glob after the +fact it will not be automatically included.

+

A convenient way to configure branches is to use +symlinks.

+

branch setup

+

mergerfs does not require any special setup of branch paths in +order to be used however here are some suggestions.

+

layout

+

When you have a large collection of storage devices, types of storage, +and types of interconnects it can be useful to have a verbose naming +convention. My preference is to create a directory within /mnt/ for +each major type of storage device and/or interconnect. hdd for +traditional hard drives; ssd for slower SATA based SSDs; nvme for +M.2 or U.2 NVME SSDs; remote for NFS, SMB, sshfs, etc.

+

The mount points within those directories are named after the size of +the storage and its serial number in the case of physical storage and +the hostname and remote filesystem for remote.

+
$ ls -lh /mnt/
+total 16K
+drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4.0K Aug 18  2024 hdd
+drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4.0K Oct  8  2024 nvme
+drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Aug 24  2024 remote
+drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Jul 14  2024 ssd
+
+$ ls -lh /mnt/hdd/
+total 8K
+d--------- 2 root root 4.0K Apr 14 15:58 10T-01234567
+d--------- 2 root root 4.0K Apr 12 20:51 20T-12345678
+
+$ ls -lh /mnt/nvme/
+total 8K
+d--------- 2 root root 4.0K Apr 14 16:00 1T-ABCDEFGH
+d--------- 2 root root 4.0K Apr 14 23:24 1T-BCDEFGHI
+
+$ ls -lh /mnt/remote/
+total 8K
+d--------- 2 root root 4.0K Apr 12 20:23 foo-sshfs
+d--------- 2 root root 4.0K Apr 12 20:24 bar-nfs
+
+# You can find the serial number of a drive using lsblk
+$ lsblk -d -o NAME,PATH,SIZE,SERIAL
+NAME    PATH           SIZE SERIAL
+sda     /dev/sda       9.1T 01234567
+sdb     /dev/sdb      18.2T 12345678
+nvme0n1 /dev/nvme0n1 953.9G ABCDEFGH
+nvme1n1 /dev/nvme1n1 953.9G BCDEFGHI
+
+

permissions and mode

+

mount points

+

To ensure the directory is only used as a point to mount another +filesystem it is good to lock it down as much as possible. Be sure to +do this before mounting a filesystem to it.

+
$ sudo chown root:root /mnt/hdd/10T-XYZ
+$ sudo chmod 0000 /mnt/hdd/10T-XYZ
+$ sudo setfattr -n user.mergerfs.branch_mounts_here
+$ sudo chattr +i /mnt/hdd/10T-XYZ
+
+

The extended attribute user.mergerfs.branch_mounts_here is used by +the branches-mount-timeout option to +recognize whether or not a mergerfs branch path points to the intended +filesystem.

+

The chattr is likely to only work on EXT{2,3,4} filesystems but will +restrict even root from modifying the directory or its content but +is still able to be a mount point.

+

mounted filesystems

+

For those new to Linux, intending to be the primary individual logged +into the system, or simply want to simplify permissions it is +recommended to set the root of mounted filesystems like /tmp/ is set +to. Owned by root, ugo+rwx and sticky +bit set.

+

This must be done after mounting the filesystem to the target +mount point.

+
$ sudo chown root:root /mnt/hdd/10T-SERIALNUM
+$ sudo chmod 1777 /mnt/hdd/10T-SERIALNUM
+$ sudo setfattr -n user.mergerfs.branch /mnt/hdd/10T-SERIALNUM
+
+

formatting

+

While even less relevant to mergerfs than the details above the topic +does com up regularly with mergerfs users. When it comes to +partitioning and formatting it is suggested to keep things +simple. Most users of mergerfs will be using the whole drive capacity +and as such have a singular partition and filesystem on that +partition. Something many people don't realize is that the partition +is not necessary and actually can become problematic.

+

Rather than creating paritions just format the block device. Let's use +/dev/sda as an example.

+
$ lsblk -d -o NAME,PATH,SERIAL /dev/sda
+NAME    PATH         SERIAL
+sda     /dev/sda     01234567
+
+$ sudo mkfs.ext4 -m0 -L 01234567 /dev/sda
+mke2fs 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023)
+Discarding device blocks: done
+Creating filesystem with 262144 4k blocks and 65536 inodes
+Filesystem UUID: ede8bf96-9aff-464e-a4fb-a4ab8a197cd7
+Superblock backups stored on blocks:
+        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376
+
+Allocating group tables: done
+Writing inode tables: done
+Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
+Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
+
+

You can then use the serial number as the identifier in fstab.

+
# <file system>  <mount point>           <type>  <options>  <dump>  <pass>
+LABEL=01234567   /mnt/hdd/10TB-01234567  auto    nofail     0       2
+
+

Benefits of doing it this way?

+
    +
  • One less thing (partitions) to configure and worry about.
    • +
  • Guarantees alignment of blocks
    • +
  • Makes it easier to use the drive with different enclosures. Some + SATA to USB adapters use 4K blocks while the drive itself is using + 512b. If you create partitions with one block size and move the + drive to a controller that uses the other the offset on the device + where the filesystem starts will be misinterpreted. It is possible + to manually fix this but it isn't well documented and avoidable.
    • +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/cache/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/cache/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3e368855 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/cache/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2691 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + caching - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

caching

+

cache.files

+

Controls how page caching +works for mergerfs itself. Not the underlying filesystems.

+
    +
  • cache.files=off: Disables page caching for mergerfs.
    • +
  • cache.files=partial: Enables page caching. Files are cached + while open.
    • +
  • cache.files=full: Enables page caching. Files are cached across + opens.
    • +
  • cache.files=auto-full: Enables page caching. Files are cached + across opens if mtime and size are unchanged since previous + open. Cache is dropped if mtime or size change on open.
    • +
  • cache.files=per-process: Enable page caching (equivalent to + cache.files=partial) only for processes whose 'comm' name matches + one of the values defined in cache.files.process-names. If the name + does not match the file open is equivalent to cache.files=off.
    • +
+

Generally, enabling the page cache actually harms +performance1. In part because it can lead to buffer bloat due to +the kernel caching both the underlying filesystem's file content as +well as the file through mergerfs. However, if you want to confirm +performance differences it is recommended that you perform some +benchmark to confirm which option works best for your setup.

+

Why then would you want to enable page caching if it consumes ~2x the +RAM as normal and is on average slower? Because it is the only way to +support +mmap. mmap is a +way for programs to treat a file as if it is a contiguous RAM buffer +which is regularly used by a number of programs such as those that +leverage sqlite3. Despite mmap not being supported by all +filesystems it is unfortunately common for software to not have an +option to use regular file IO instead of mmap.

+

The good thing is that in Linux v6.62 and above FUSE can now +transparently enable page caching when mmap is requested. This means +it should be safe to set cache.files=off. However, on Linux v6.5 and +below you will need to configure cache.files as you need.

+

If passthrough.io is enabled so must page +caching. mergerfs will set cache.files=auto-full if passthrough.io +is enabled. And when using passthrough.io the there is no double +page caching since it is in fact passing through the IO.

+

cache.entry

+
    +
  • cache.entry=UINT: Sets the number of seconds to cache + entry queries. Defaults to 1.
    • +
+

The kernel must ask mergerfs about the existence of files. The entry +cache caches that those details which limits the number of requests +sent to mergerfs.

+

The risk of setting this value, as with most any cache, is related to +out-of-band changes. If +the filesystems are changed outside mergerfs there is a risk of files +which have been removed continuing to show as available. It will fail +gracefully if a phantom file is actioned on in some way so there is +little risk in setting the value much higher. Especially if there are +no out-of-band changes.

+

cache.negative-entry

+
    +
  • cache.negative-entry=UINT: Sets the number of seconds to cache + negative entry queries. Defaults to 1.
    • +
+

This is a cache for negative entry query responses. Such as when a +file which does not exist is referenced.

+

The risk of setting this value, as with most any cache, is related to +out-of-band changes. If +the filesystems are changed outside mergerfs there is a risk of files +which have been added outside mergerfs not appearing correctly till +the cache entry times out if there had been a request for the same +name within mergerfs which didn't exist. This is mostly an +inconvenience.

+

cache.attr

+
    +
  • cache.attr=UINT: Sets the number of seconds to cache file + attributes. Defaults to 1.
    • +
+

This is a cache for file attributes and metadata such as that which is +collected by the +stat system call +which is used when you run commands such as find or ls -lh.

+

As with other caches the risk of enabling the attribute cache is if +changes are made to the file out-of-band there could be +inconsistencies between the actual file and the cached details which +could result in different issues depending on how the data is used. If +the simultaneous writing of a file from inside and outside is unlikely +then you should be safe. That said any simultaneous, uncoordinated +manipulation of a file can lead to unexpected results.

+

cache.statfs

+
    +
  • cache.statfs=UINT: Sets the number of seconds to cache statfs + calls used by policies. Defaults to 0.
    • +
+

A number of policies require looking up the available space of the +branches being considered. This is accomplished by calling +statfs. This +call however is a bit expensive so this cache reduces the overhead by +limiting how often the calls are actually made.

+

This will mean that if the available space of branches changed +somewhat rapidly there is a risk of create or mkdir calls made +within the timeout period ending up on the same branch. This however +should even itself out over time.

+ +
    +
  • cache.symlinks=BOOL: Enable kernel caching of symlink + values. Defaults to false.
    • +
+

As of Linux v4.20 there is an ability to cache the value of symlinks +so that the kernel does not need to make a request to mergerfs every +single time a +readlink +request is made. While not a common usage pattern, if software very +regularly queries symlink values, the use of this cache could +significantly improve performance.

+

mergerfs will not error if the kernel used does not support symlink +caching.

+

As with other caches the main risk in enabling it is if you are +manipulating symlinks from both within and without the mergerfs +mount. Should the value be changed outside of mergerfs then it will +not be reflected in the mergerfs mount till the cached value is +invalidated.

+

cache.readdir

+
    +
  • cache.readdir=BOOL: Enable kernel caching of readdir + results. Defaults to false.
    • +
+

As of Linux v4.20 it supports readdir caching. This can have a +significant impact on directory traversal. Especially when combined +with entry (cache.entry) and attribute (cache.attr) caching. If +the kernel doesn't support readdir caching setting the option to true +has no effect. This option is configurable at runtime via xattr +user.mergerfs.cache.readdir.

+

cache.writeback

+
    +
  • cache.writeback=BOOL: Enable writeback cache. Defaults to false.
    • +
+

When cache.files is enabled the default is for it to perform +writethrough caching. This behavior won't help improve performance as +each write still goes one for one through the filesystem. By enabling +the FUSE writeback cache small writes may be aggregated by the +kernel and then sent to mergerfs as one larger request. This can +greatly improve the throughput for apps which write to files +inefficiently. The amount the kernel can aggregate is limited by the +size of a FUSE message. Read the fuse-msg-size +section for more details.

+

There is a side effect as a result of enabling writeback +caching. Underlying files won't ever be opened with O_APPEND or +O_WRONLY. The former because the kernel then manages append mode and +the latter because the kernel may request file data from mergerfs to +populate the write cache. The O_APPEND change means that if a file is +changed outside of mergerfs it could lead to corruption as the kernel +won't know the end of the file has changed. That said any time you use +caching you should keep from writing to the same file outside of +mergerfs at the same time.

+

Note that if an application is properly sizing writes then writeback +caching will have little or no effect. It will only help with writes +of sizes below the FUSE message size (128K on older kernels, 1M on +newer). Even then its effectiveness might not be great. Given the side +effects of enabling this feature it is recommended that its benefits +be proved out with benchmarks.

+
+
+
    +
  1. +

    This is not unique to mergerfs and affects all FUSE +filesystems. It is something that the FUSE community hopes to +investigate at some point but as of early 2025 there are a number +of major reworking going on with FUSE which needs to be finished +first. ↩

    +
    2. +
  2. +

    https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_6.6#FUSE ↩

    +
    3. +
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/deprecated_options/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/deprecated_options/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3ddd34b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/deprecated_options/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2315 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Deprecated Options - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Deprecated Options

+

These are old, deprecated options which may no longer have any +function or have been replaced. They should not be used.

+
    +
  • allow_other: mergerfs v2.35.0 and above sets this FUSE option + automatically if running as root.
    • +
  • async_read: Use async-read=true.
    • +
  • atomic_o_trunc: Does nothing.
    • +
  • attr_timeout: Use cache.attr.
    • +
  • auto_cache: Use cache.files=auto-full.
    • +
  • big_writes: Does nothing.
    • +
  • direct_io: Use cache.files=off.
    • +
  • entry_timeout: Use cache.entry.
    • +
  • hard_remove: Does nothing.
    • +
  • kernel_cache: Use cache.files=full.
    • +
  • negative_entry: Use cache.negative-entry.
    • +
  • noforget: Use never-forget-nodes.
    • +
  • nonempty: Does nothing.
    • +
  • splice_move: Does nothing.
    • +
  • splice_read: Does nothing.
    • +
  • splice_write: Does nothing.
    • +
  • sync_read: Use async-read=false.
    • +
  • use_ino: Use inodecalc.
    • +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/export-support/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/export-support/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2db9afd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/export-support/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2304 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + export-support - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

export-support

+
    +
  • export-support=true|false
    • +
  • Default: true
    • +
+

In theory, this flag should not be exposed to the end user. It is a +low-level FUSE flag which indicates whether or not the kernel can send +certain kinds of messages to it for the purposes of using it with +NFS. mergerfs does support these messages but due to bugs and quirks +found in the kernel and mergerfs this option is provided just in case +it is needed for debugging.

+

Given that this flag is set when the FUSE connection is first +initiated it is not possible to change during run time.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/flush-on-close/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/flush-on-close/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..905e2f99 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/flush-on-close/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2384 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + flush-on-close - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

flush-on-close

+

By default, FUSE would issue a flush before the release of a file +descriptor. This was considered a bit aggressive and a feature added +to give the FUSE server the ability to choose when that happens.

+
    +
  • flush-on-close=always
    • +
  • flush-on-close=never
    • +
  • flush-on-close=opened-for-write
    • +
  • Defaults to opened-for-write.
    • +
+

For now it defaults to opened-for-write which is less aggressive +than the behavior before this feature was added. It should not be a +problem because the flush is really only relevant when a file is +written to. Given flush is irrelevant for many filesystems in the +future a branch specific flag may be added so only files opened on a +specific branch would be flushed on close.

+

References

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/follow-symlinks/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/follow-symlinks/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4aef5170 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/follow-symlinks/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2311 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + follow-symlinks - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

follow-symlinks

+

This feature, when enabled, will cause symlinks to be interpreted by +mergerfs as their target.

+

When there is a getattr/stat request for a file mergerfs will check if +the file is a symlink and depending on the follow-symlinks setting +will replace the information about the symlink with that of that which +it points to.

+

When unlink'ing or rmdir'ing the followed symlink it will remove the +symlink itself and not that which it points to.

+
    +
  • follow-symlinks=never: Behave as normal. Symlinks are treated as such.
    • +
  • follow-symlinks=directory: Resolve symlinks only which point to directories.
    • +
  • follow-symlinks=regular: Resolve symlinks only which point to regular files.
    • +
  • follow-symlinks=all: Resolve all symlinks to that which they point + to. Symlinks which do not point to anything are left as is.
    • +
  • Defaults to never.
    • +
+

WARNING: This feature should be considered experimental. There +might be edge cases yet found. If you find any odd behaviors please +file a ticket on github.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/func_readdir/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/func_readdir/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1a58723e --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/func_readdir/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2432 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + func.readdir - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
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func.readdir

+
    +
  • type: STR
    • +
  • default: seq
    • +
  • examples: func.readdir=seq, func.readdir=cor:4
    • +
+

readdir has policies to control how to read directory content.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
PolicyDescription
seq"sequential" : Iterate sequentially over branches in the order defined in branches. This is the default and traditional behavior found prior to the readdir policy introduction. This will be increasingly slower as more branches are added to the pool. Especially if needing to wait for drives to spin up or network filesystems to respond.
cosr:N:M"concurrent open, sequential read" : Concurrently open branch directories using a thread pool and process them in the order defined in branches. This keeps memory and CPU usage low while also reducing the time spent waiting on branches to respond. N is the number of threads. If negative it will be the core count divided by abs(N). M is the queue depth. If either value is 0 it will be decided based on system configuration.
cosr:Ncosr:N:M with M = 0
cosrcosr:N:M with N = 0 and M = 0
cor:N:M"concurrent open and read" : Concurrently open branch directories and immediately start reading their contents using a thread pool. This will result in slightly higher memory and CPU usage but reduced latency. Particularly when using higher latency / slower speed network filesystem branches. Unlike seq and cosr the order of files could change due the async nature of the thread pool. This should not be a problem since the order of files returned in not guaranteed. N is the number of threads. If negative it will be the core count divided by abs(N). M is the queue depth. If either value is 0 it will be decided based on system configuration.
cor:Ncosr:N:M with M = 0
corcosr:N:M with N = 0 and M = 0
+

Keep in mind that readdir mostly just provides a list of file names +in a directory and possibly some basic metadata about said files. To +know details about the files, as one would see from commands like +find or ls, it is required to call stat on the file which is +controlled by fuse.getattr.

+

Until Linux v6.16, despite being able to change the size of FUSE +messages, readdir requests were limited to 1 page (4KiB) in size per +message. This limitation limited throughput and therefore performance +of the readdir call. In v6.16 that was changed to be able to grow to +the fuse-msg-size which allows a lot more data to +be sent per request and therefore much better performance in certain +situations.

+

Technical Details

+
    +
  • On Linux + getdents is + used instead of + readdir in + order to leverage larger buffers for better performance on larger + directory reads as well as have more control in concurrent policies.
    • +
  • readdir is + used on FreeBSD.
    • +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
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+
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/functions_categories_policies/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/functions_categories_policies/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b94b7f6c --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/functions_categories_policies/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2697 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + functions, categories and policies - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
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functions, categories and policies

+

The POSIX filesystem API is made up of a number of functions. creat, +stat, chown, etc. For ease of configuration in mergerfs, most of +the core functions are grouped into 3 categories: action, create, +and search. These functions and categories can be assigned a policy +which dictates which branch is chosen when performing that +function. IE. When an application requests that a file or directory is +created how should mergerfs decide which branch to choose to attempt +the create? That is the policy.

+

Some functions, listed in the category N/A below, can not be +assigned the normal policies because they are directly related to a +file which has already been opened.

+

Functions and their Category classifications

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
CategoryFunctions
actionchmod, chown, link, removexattr, rename, rmdir, setxattr, truncate, unlink, utimens
createcreate, mkdir, mknod, symlink
searchaccess, getattr, getxattr, ioctl (directories), listxattr, open, readlink
N/Afchmod, fchown, futimens, ftruncate, fallocate, fgetattr, fsync, ioctl (files), read, readdir, release, statfs, write, copy_file_range
+

In cases where something may be searched for (such as a path to clone) +getattr will usually be used.

+

Policies

+

See below for available policies and their descriptions.

+

A policy is an algorithm designed to select one or more branches for a +function to operate on.

+

Policies do not actually manage the filesystem or layout. They are +strictly responsible for deciding which files or branches will be +worked on in relation to the function being performed. Once the branch +is chosen other parts of the system does what is necessary to +accomplish the function. Such as the cloning of directories between +branches.

+

When using policies which are based on a branch's available space the +branch base path provided is used. Not the full path to the file or +directory in question. Meaning that mounts within the branch will not +be considered in the space calculations.

+

NOTE: While any policy can be assigned to a function or category, +some may not be very useful in practice. For instance: rand (random) +may be useful for file creation but could lead to very odd behavior if +used for chmod if there were more than one copy of the file. Unless +users find this flexibility useful it will likely be removed in the +future.

+

Filtering

+

Most policies search branches and create a list of files / paths for +functions to work on. The policy is responsible for filtering and +sorting the branches. Filters include minfreespace, +whether or not a branch is mounted read-only, and the branch mode +(RO,NC,RW). These filters are applied across most policies.

+
    +
  • No search function policies filter.
    • +
  • All action function policies filter out branches which are + mounted read-only or mode is RO (read-only).
    • +
  • All create function policies filter out branches which are + mounted read-only, mode RO (read-only) or NC (no + create), or has available space less than + minfreespace.
    • +
+

Policies may have their own additional filtering such as those that +require relative paths to be present.

+

If all branches are filtered an error will be returned. Typically +EROFS (read-only filesystem) or ENOSPC (no space left on +device) depending on the most recent reason for filtering a +branch.

+

If create, mkdir, mknod, or symlink fail with EROFS +or other fundamental errors then mergerfs will mark any branch found +to be read-only as such (IE will set the mode RO) and will rerun the +policy and try again. This is mostly for ext4 filesystems that can +suddenly become read-only when it encounters an error.

+

Path Preservation

+

Policies, as described below, are of two basic classifications. path +preserving and non-path preserving.

+

All policies which start with ep (epff, eplfs, eplus, epmfs, +eprand) are path preserving. ep stands for existing path.

+

A path preserving policy will only consider branches where the relative +path being accessed already exists.

+

With the msp or most shared path policies they are defined as +path preserving for the purpose of controlling link and rename's +behaviors since ignorepponrename is available to disable that +behavior.

+

Policy descriptions

+

A policy's behavior differs, as mentioned above, based on the function +it is used with. Sometimes it really might not make sense to even +offer certain policies because they are literally the same as others +but it makes things a bit more uniform.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
PolicyDescription
pfrd (percentage free random distribution)Selects a branch randomly, with the probability of selection proportional to its available space relative to the total available space across all branches. For instance, if Branch A has 100 GB free and Branch B has 50 GB free, Branch A is twice as likely to be chosen.
rand (random)Calls all and then randomizes. Returns 1 branch.
mfs (most free space)Pick the branch with the most available free space.
ff (first found)Given the order of the branches, as defined at mount time or configured at runtime, act on the first one found.
lfs (least free space)Pick the branch with the least available free space.
lup (least used percent)Pick the branch with the least used percentage of space
lus (least used space)Pick the branch with the least used space.
allSearch: For mkdir, mknod, and symlink it will apply to all branches. create works like ff.
msppfrd (most shared path, percentage free random distribution)Like eppfrd but if it fails to find a branch it will try again with the parent directory. Continues this pattern till finding one.
mspmfs (most shared path, most free space)Like epmfs but if it fails to find a branch it will try again with the parent directory. Continues this pattern till finding one.
msplfs (most shared path, least free space)Like eplfs but if it fails to find a branch it will try again with the parent directory. Continues this pattern till finding one.
msplus (most shared path, least used space)Like eplus but if it fails to find a branch it will try again with the parent directory. Continues this pattern till finding one.
eppfrd (existing path, percentage free random distribution)Like pfrd but limited to existing paths.
epmfs (existing path, most free space)Of all the branches on which the relative path exists choose the branch with the most free space.
eprand (existing path, random)Calls epall and then randomizes. Returns 1.
epff (existing path, first found)Given the order of the branches, as defined at mount time or configured at runtime, act on the first one found where the relative path exists.
eplfs (existing path, least free space)Of all the branches on which the relative path exists choose the branch with the least free space.
eplus (existing path, least used space)Of all the branches on which the relative path exists choose the branch with the least used space.
epall (existing path, all)For mkdir, mknod, and symlink it will apply to all found. create works like epff (but more expensive because it doesn't stop after finding a valid branch).
newestPick the file / directory with the largest mtime.
+

NOTE: If you are using an underlying filesystem that reserves +blocks such as ext2, ext3, or ext4 be aware that mergerfs respects the +reservation by using f_bavail (number of free blocks for +unprivileged users) rather than f_bfree (number of free blocks) in +policy calculations. df does NOT use f_bavail, it uses +f_bfree, so direct comparisons between df output and mergerfs' +policies is not appropriate.

+

Defaults

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
CategoryPolicy
actionepall
createpfrd
searchff
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/fuse-msg-size/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/fuse-msg-size/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ffad8dc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/fuse-msg-size/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2336 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + fuse-msg-size - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+
+
+ + + + + +
+
+
+ + + +
+
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

fuse-msg-size

+
    +
  • type: UINT|SIZE
    • +
  • default: 1M
    • +
  • example: fuse-msg-size=1M
    • +
  • If the value is a SIZE in the form of xB, xK, xM, xG, or +xT then it will choose the closest multiple of the system page +size. If the value is just an integer without a size multipler suffix +then it is treated as a page count
    • +
+

FUSE applications communicate with the kernel over a special character +device: /dev/fuse. A large portion of the overhead associated with +FUSE is the cost of going back and forth between user space and kernel +space over that device. Generally speaking, the fewer trips needed the +better the performance will be. Reducing the number of trips can be +done a number of ways. Kernel level caching and increasing message +sizes being two significant ones. When it comes to reads and writes if +the message size is doubled the number of trips are approximately +halved.

+

In Linux v4.20 a new feature was added allowing the negotiation of the +max message size. Since the size is in multiples of +pages the +feature is called max_pages. In versions of Linux prior to v6.13 +there is a maximum max_pages value of 256 (1MiB) and minimum of 1 +(4KiB). In Linux +v6.13 +and above the max value supported by the kernel can range from 1 +(4KiB) to 65535 (~256MiB) (assuming a page size of 4KiB.) The default +used by Linux >= 4.20, and hard coded value used before 4.20, is 32 +(128KiB). In mergerfs it is referred to as fuse-msg-size to make it +clear what it impacts and provide some abstraction.

+

If the fuse-msg-size value provided is more than the system wide +maximum mergerfs will attempt to increase the system wide value to keep +the user from needing to set the value using sysctl, +/etc/sysctl.conf, or /proc/sys/fs/fuse/max_pages_limit.

+

The main downside to increasing the value is that memory usage will +increase approximately relative to the number of processing +threads configured. Keep this in mind for systems with +lower amounts of memory like most SBCs. Performance improvements seem +to peak around 4MiB.

+

On kernels before v4.20 the option has no effect. On kernels between +v4.20 and v6.13 the max value is 256. On kernels >= v6.13 the maximum +value is 65535.

+

NOTE: If you intend to enable cache.files you should also set +readahead to match fuse-msg-size.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/inodecalc/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/inodecalc/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..932de7c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/inodecalc/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2366 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + inodecalc - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+
+
+ + + + + +
+
+
+ + + +
+
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

inodecalc

+

Inodes (st_ino) are unique +identifiers for files within a filesystem. Each mounted filesystem +also has a (typically) unique device ID (st_dev) as well and +together they can uniquely identify a file on the whole of the +system. Entries on the same device with the same inode are (generally) +in fact references to the same underlying file. It is a many to one +relationship between names and an inode. Directories, however, do not +have multiple links on most systems due to the complexity that would +add.

+

FUSE allows the server (in this case mergerfs) to set inode values +but not device IDs. Creating an inode value is somewhat complex in +mergerfs' case as files aren't really in its control. If a policy +changes what directory or file is to be selected or changes are made +to branches out of band it becomes unclear what value should be +used. Most software does not to care what the values are but those +that do often break if a value changes unexpectedly. For instance: the +tool find will abort a directory walk if it sees a directory inode +change. NFS can return stale handle errors if the inode changes +out-of-band. File dedup tools will usually leverage device ids and +inodes as a shortcut in searching for duplicate files and would resort +to full file comparisons should it find different inode values.

+

mergerfs offers multiple ways to calculate the inode in hopes of +covering different usecases.

+
    +
  • passthrough: Passes through the underlying inode value. Mostly + intended for testing as using this does not address any of the + problems mentioned above and could confuse file deduplication + software as inodes from different filesystems can be the same.
    • +
  • path-hash: Hashes the relative path of the entry in question. The + underlying file's values are completely ignored. This means the + inode value will always be the same for that file path. This is + useful when using NFS and you make changes out of band such as copy + data between branches. This also means that entries that do point to + the same file will not be recognizable via inodes. That does not + mean hard links don't work. They will.
    • +
  • path-hash32: 32bit version of path-hash.
    • +
  • devino-hash: Hashes the branch path and inode of the underlying + entry. This won't prevent issues with NFS should the policy pick a + different file or files move out of band but will present the same + inode for underlying files that share the same inode. Previous + releases of mergerfs used the device ID but that changes on + reboot. The downside to using the branch path is inodes for files on + the same underlying filesystem will be different.
    • +
  • devino-hash32: 32bit version of devino-hash.
    • +
  • hybrid-hash: Performs path-hash on directories and devino-hash on + other file types. Since directories can't have hard links the static + value won't make a difference and the files will get values useful + for finding duplicates. Probably the best to use if not using + NFS. As such it is the default.
    • +
  • hybrid-hash32: 32bit version of hybrid-hash.
    • +
+

32bit versions are provided as there is some software which does not +handle 64bit inodes well.

+

While there is a risk of hash collision in tests of a couple of +million entries there were zero collisions. Unlike a typical +filesystem FUSE filesystems can reuse inodes and not refer to the same +entry. The internal identifier used to reference a file in FUSE is +different from the inode value presented. The former is the nodeid and +is actually a tuple of 2 64bit values: nodeid and generation. This +tuple is not client facing. The inode that is presented to the client +is passed through the kernel uninterpreted.

+

From FUSE docs for use_ino:

+
+

Honor the st_ino field in the functions getattr() and +fill_dir(). This value is used to fill in the st_ino field +in the stat(2), lstat(2), fstat(2) functions and the d_ino +field in the readdir(2) function. The filesystem does not +have to guarantee uniqueness, however some applications +rely on this value being unique for the whole filesystem. +Note that this does not affect the inode that libfuse +and the kernel use internally (also called the "nodeid").

+
+

NOTE: As of version 2.35.0 the use_ino option has been +removed. mergerfs should always be managing inode values.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/kernel-permissions-check/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/kernel-permissions-check/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..121beafd --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/kernel-permissions-check/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2307 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + kernel-permissions-check - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
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+ +
+ + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+
+
+ + + + + +
+
+
+ + + +
+
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

kernel-permissions-check

+
    +
  • kernel-permissions-check=true|false
    • +
  • Default: true
    • +
+

FUSE +has a feature which mergerfs leverages which allows the kernel to do +file permission checking rather than leaving it to the FUSE server (in +this case mergerfs.) This improves performance. However, it also +limits flexibility.

+

mergerfs should work fine regardless of this setting but there might +be some currently unknown edge cases where disabling the feature might +help. Like export-support this is mostly for +debugging.

+

This option is a kernel mount option so unable to be changed at +runtime. It controls the default_permissions FUSE kernel option.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/lazy-umount-mountpoint/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/lazy-umount-mountpoint/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4cb96f75 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/lazy-umount-mountpoint/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2314 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + lazy-umount-mountpoint - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+
+
+ + + + + +
+
+
+ + + +
+
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

lazy-umount-mountpoint

+
    +
  • type: BOOL
    • +
  • default: false
    • +
  • example: lazy-umount-mountpoint=true
    • +
+

When enabled mergerfs will issue a lazy +umount request +to the mount point as it starts.

+
Lazy unmount. Detach the filesystem from the file hierarchy
+now, and clean up all references to this filesystem as soon as
+it is not busy anymore.
+
+

The value of using this is in situations where you wish to change +options which can only be set at initialization or upgrade mergerfs +itself. It also helps in the case of using mount -a which leads to a +new instance of mergerfs being mounted due to it being unable to +recognize that it is already mounted.

+

In theory mergerfs could notice that an instance is already mounted at +the mount point and attempt to use the runtime interface to modify the +options and only mounting a new instance if the version has changed or +initialization time only options are changed. However, given the +relative rarity of this being an issue it isn't a priority.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/link-cow/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/link-cow/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..68881798 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/link-cow/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2303 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + link-cow - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+
+
+ + + + + +
+
+
+ + + +
+
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

link-cow

+
    +
  • link-cow=true|false
    • +
  • Defaults to false
    • +
+

This feature offers similar functionality to what +cow-shell +offers.

+

When enabled if mergerfs is asked to open a file to write and the link +count on the file is greater than 1 it will copy the file to a +temporary new file and then rename it over the original. This will +atomically "break" the link. After that it will open the new file.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/link-exdev/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/link-exdev/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ca19a593 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/link-exdev/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2307 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + link-exdev - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+
+
+ + + + + +
+
+
+ + + +
+
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

link-exdev

+

If using path preservation and a link fails with EXDEV make a call +to symlink where the target is the oldlink and the linkpath is +the newpath. The target value is determined by the value of +link-exdev.

+
    +
  • link-exdev=passthrough: Return EXDEV as normal.
    • +
  • link-exdev=rel-symlink: A relative path from the newpath.
    • +
  • link-exdev=abs-base-symlink: An absolute value using the + underlying branch.
    • +
  • link-exdev=abs-pool-symlink: An absolute value using the mergerfs + mount point.
    • +
  • Defaults to passthrough.
    • +
+

NOTE: It is possible that some applications check the file they +link. In those cases, it is possible it will error or complain.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/minfreespace/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/minfreespace/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9cc561af --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/minfreespace/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2309 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + minfreespace - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + +
+
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

minfreespace

+

default: 4G

+

minfreespace is used to set a minimum free space threshold when +running create policies. Any +branch with free space less than the minfreespace value will be +skipped. This is the global default but individual branches can have +their own value..

+

This is useful for a couple reasons.

+
    +
  • Since mergerfs does not split files across branches it is best to + leave space to write a newly created file on a branch to minimize + the risk of running out of space and needing + moveonenospc.
    • +
  • Some filesystems' performance degrades when filled. minfreespace + provides a buffer so they are less likely to be filled.
    • +
  • Similar to ext4's reserved space option it minimizes the problems + that come from running out of space.
    • +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/moveonenospc/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/moveonenospc/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2ea7bb6a --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/moveonenospc/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2403 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + moveonenospc - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
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+
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+ + + + + +
+
+
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+ +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

moveonenospc

+

When writing to a file a number of +errors are +possible. The ENOSPC error indicates their is no room for the +data. That could be true due to the filesystem having actually no +available space for data, or because a secondary resource (such as +inodes) has been used up, or the filesystem might have a quota feature +that is limiting how much storage a particular user may use, or (as on +ext4 there might be a feature which reserves space for privileged +processes.

+

Since mergerfs does not offer splitting of +files across filesystems there are situations where a file is opened +or created on a filesystem which is nearly full and eventually +receives a ENOSPC error despite the pool having capacity. The +moveonenospc feature allows the user to have some control over this +situation.

+

When enabled and a write fails with ENOSPC or EDQUOT mergerfs +will:

+
    +
  1. Run the policy defined by moveonenospc to find a target branch.
    2. +
  2. "Move" + the file from the source branch to the target branch.
    3. +
  3. Retry the write and continue on as normal.
    4. +
+

If at any point something fails the progress so far will be cleaned up +as appropriate and the original error returned.

+

If moveonenospc is disabled the underlying error will be returned.

+

NOTE: This feature has NO effect on policies. It ONLY applies to the +literal write function. If the create function returns ENOSPC or the +policy returns ENOSPC +that error will be returned back to the application making the +create request.

+

Additional Reading

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/nfsopenhack/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/nfsopenhack/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9d90cf6c --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/nfsopenhack/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2315 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + nfsopenhack - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + +
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+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

nfsopenhack

+
    +
  • nfsopenhack=off: No hack applied.
    • +
  • nfsopenhack=git: Apply hack if path includes /.git/.
    • +
  • nfsopenhack=all: Apply hack on all empty read-only files opened + for writing.
    • +
  • Defaults to off.
    • +
+

NFS is not fully POSIX compliant and historically certain behaviors, +such as opening files with O_EXCL, are not or not well +supported. When mergerfs (or any FUSE filesystem) is exported over NFS +some of these issues come up due to how NFS and FUSE interact.

+

This hack addresses the issue where the creation of a file with a +read-only mode but with a read/write or write only flag. Normally this +is perfectly valid but NFS chops the one open call into multiple +calls. Exactly how it is translated depends on the configuration and +versions of the NFS server and clients but it results in a permission +error because a normal user is not allowed to open a read-only file as +writable.

+

Even though it's a more niche situation this hack breaks normal +security and behavior and as such is off by default. If set to git +it will only perform the hack when the path in question includes +/.git/. all will result in it applying anytime a read-only file +which is empty is opened for writing.

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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/nullrw/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/nullrw/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0e238a0c --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/nullrw/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2309 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + nullrw - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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nullrw

+
    +
  • nullrw=true|false
    • +
  • Defaults to false.
    • +
+

Due to how FUSE works there is an overhead to all requests made to a +FUSE filesystem that wouldn't exist for an in kernel one. Meaning that +even a simple passthrough will have some slowdown. However, generally +the overhead is minimal in comparison to the cost of the underlying +I/O. By disabling the underlying I/O we can test the theoretical +performance boundaries.

+

By enabling nullrw mergerfs will work as it always does except +that all reads and writes will be no-ops. A write will succeed (the +size of the write will be returned as if it were successful) but +mergerfs does nothing with the data it was given. Similarly a read +will return the size requested but won't touch the buffer.

+

See the benchmarking section for suggestions on +how to test.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/options/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/options/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6b4a2ac8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/options/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2614 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Options - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Options

+

mergerfs has many options to control it many features. For the average +use case the options listed in the quickstart are +sufficient. Most options are related to operating system or filesystem +related concepts so having a basic +background in such things is recommended +for more advanced configurations.

+

These option names and values are the same regardless of whether you +use them with the mergerfs command line program, in fstab, or in a +config file.

+

types

+
    +
  • BOOL = 'true' | 'false'
    • +
  • INT = [MIN_INT,MAX_INT]
    • +
  • UINT = [0,MAX_INT]
    • +
  • SIZE = 'NNM'; NN = INT, M = 'B' | 'K' | 'M' | 'G' | 'T'
    • +
  • PAGESIZE = UINT (representing number of pages) | SIZE (in bytes + which will be converted to pages)
    • +
  • STR = string (may refer to an enumerated value, see details of + argument)
    • +
  • FUNC = filesystem function
    • +
  • CATEGORY = function category
    • +
  • POLICY = mergerfs function policy
    • +
+

mount options

+
    +
  • config: Path to a config file. Same arguments as below in + key or key=val style format. # used for comments.
    • +
  • branches: Colon delimited list of branches. Used + primarily in a config file.
    • +
  • mountpoint=DIRPATH: The path to the mountpoint. Used primarily + in a config file.
    • +
  • branches-mount-timeout=UINT: Number + of seconds to wait at startup for branches to be a mount other than + the mountpoint's filesystem. (default: 0)
    • +
  • branches-mount-timeout-fail=BOOL: + If set to true then if branches-mount-timeout expires it will + exit rather than continuing. (default: false)
    • +
  • minfreespace=SIZE: The minimum available + space of a branch necessary to be considered for a create + policy. This is a default value + applied to all branches and can be overwritten when configuring + branches. Understands 'K', 'M', and 'G' to represent + kilobyte, megabyte, and gigabyte respectively. (default: 4G)
    • +
  • moveonenospc=BOOL|POLICY: When enabled if a + write fails with ENOSPC (no space left on device) or + EDQUOT (disk quota exceeded) the policy selected will run to + find a new location for the file. An attempt to move the file to + that branch will occur (keeping all metadata possible) and if + successful the original is unlinked and the write retried. (default: + pfrd)
    • +
  • inodecalc=passthrough|path-hash|devino-hash|hybrid-hash: + Selects the inode calculation algorithm. (default: hybrid-hash)
    • +
  • dropcacheonclose=BOOL: When a file is requested to be closed + call posix_fadvise on it first to instruct the kernel that we no + longer need the data and it can drop its cache. Recommended when + cache.files=partial|full|auto-full|per-process to limit double + caching. (default: false)
    • +
  • direct-io-allow-mmap=BOOL: On newer kernels (>= 6.6) it is + possible to disable file page caching while still allowing for + shared mmap support. mergerfs will enable this feature if available + but an option is provided to turn it off for testing and debugging + purposes. (default: true)
    • +
  • symlinkify=BOOL: When enabled and a file is not + writable and its mtime or ctime is older than symlinkify_timeout + files will be reported as symlinks to the original files. Please + read more below before using. (default: false)
    • +
  • symlinkify-timeout=UINT: Time to wait, in + seconds, to activate the symlinkify behavior. (default: 3600)
    • +
  • nullrw=BOOL: Turns reads and writes into no-ops. The request + will succeed but do nothing. Useful for benchmarking + mergerfs. (default: false)
    • +
  • lazy-umount-mountpoint=BOOL: mergerfs will attempt to "lazy + umount" the mountpoint before mounting itself. Useful when + performing live upgrades of mergerfs. May not work on + FreeBSD. (default: false)
    • +
  • ignorepponrename=BOOL: Ignore path preserving on + rename. Typically rename and link act differently depending on the + policy of create (read below). Enabling this will cause rename and + link to always use the non-path preserving behavior. This means + files, when renamed or linked, will stay on the same + filesystem. (default: false)
    • +
  • export-support=BOOL: Sets a low-level FUSE + feature intended to indicate the filesystem can support being + exported via NFS. (default: true)
    • +
  • kernel-permissions-check=BOOL: + Controls the FUSE default_permissions option. Primarily for + debugging. (default: true)
    • +
  • security-capability=BOOL: If false return ENOATTR when xattr + security.capability is queried. (default: true)
    • +
  • xattr=passthrough|noattr|nosys: Runtime control of + xattrs. Default is to passthrough xattr requests. 'noattr' will + short circuit as if nothing exists. 'nosys' will respond with ENOSYS + as if xattrs are not supported or disabled. (default: passthrough)
    • +
  • link-cow=BOOL: When enabled if a regular file is + opened which has a link count > 1 it will copy the file to a + temporary file and rename over the original. Breaking the link and + providing a basic copy-on-write function similar to + cow-shell. (default: false)
    • +
  • statfs=base|full: Controls how statfs works. 'base' + means it will always use all branches in statfs calculations. 'full' + is in effect path preserving and only includes branches where the + path exists. (default: base)
    • +
  • statfs-ignore=none|ro|nc: 'ro' will cause statfs calculations to + ignore available space for branches mounted or tagged as 'read-only' + or 'no create'. 'nc' will ignore available space for branches tagged + as 'no create'. (default: none)
    • +
  • nfsopenhack=off|git|all: A workaround for exporting mergerfs + over NFS where there are issues with creating files for write while + setting the mode to read-only. (default: off)
    • +
  • follow-symlinks=never|directory|regular|all: + Turns symlinks into what they point to. (default: never)
    • +
  • link-exdev=passthrough|rel-symlink|abs-base-symlink|abs-pool-symlink: + When a link fails with EXDEV optionally create a symlink to the file + instead.
    • +
  • rename-exdev=passthrough|rel-symlink|abs-symlink: + When a rename fails with EXDEV optionally move the file to a special + directory and symlink to it.
    • +
  • readahead=UINT: Set readahead (in kilobytes) for + mergerfs and branches if greater than 0. (default: 0)
    • +
  • posix-acl=BOOL: Enable POSIX ACL support (if supported by kernel + and underlying filesystem). (default: false)
    • +
  • async-read=BOOL: Perform reads asynchronously. If disabled or + unavailable the kernel will ensure there is at most one pending read + request per file handle and will attempt to order requests by + offset. (default: true)
    • +
  • fuse-msg-size=PAGESIZE: Set the max number of + pages per FUSE message. Only available on Linux >= 4.20 and ignored + otherwise. (min: 1; max: 65535; default: "1M")
    • +
  • read-thread-count=INT: Number of threads to + use. When used alone (process-thread-count=-1) it sets the number + of threads reading and processing FUSE messages. When used together + it sets the number of threads reading from FUSE. When set to zero it + will attempt to discover and use the number of logical cores. If the + thread count is set negative it will look up the number of cores + then divide by the absolute value. ie. threads=-2 on an 8 core + machine will result in 8 / 2 = 4 threads. There will always be at + least 1 thread. If set to -1 in combination with + process-thread-count then it will try to pick reasonable values + based on CPU thread count. NOTE: higher number of threads increases + parallelism but usually decreases throughput. (default: 0)
    • +
  • process-thread-count=INT: Enables separate thread + pool to asynchronously process FUSE requests. In this mode + read-thread-count refers to the number of threads reading FUSE + messages which are dispatched to process threads. -1 means disabled + otherwise acts like read-thread-count. (default: -1)
    • +
  • process-thread-queue-depth=UINT: Sets the number + of requests any single process thread can have queued up at one + time. Meaning the total memory usage of the queues is queue depth + multiplied by the number of process threads plus read thread + count. 0 sets the depth to the same as the process thread + count. (default: 2)
    • +
  • pin-threads=STR: Selects a strategy to pin + threads to CPUs (default: unset)
    • +
  • flush-on-close=never|always|opened-for-write: + Flush data cache on file close. Mostly for when writeback is enabled + or merging network filesystems. (default: opened-for-write)
    • +
  • scheduling-priority=INT: Set mergerfs' scheduling + priority. Valid values range from -20 to 19. See setpriority man + page for more details. (default: -10)
    • +
  • proxy-ioprio=BOOL: Use ioprio value from + calling threads when reading and writing. (default: false)
    • +
  • fsname=STR: Sets the name of the filesystem as seen in + mount, df, etc. Defaults to a list of the source paths + concatenated together with the longest common prefix removed.
    • +
  • func.FUNC=POLICY: Sets the + specific FUSE function's policy. See below for the list of value + types. Example: func.getattr=newest
    • +
  • func.readdir=seq|cosr|cor|cosr:INT|cor:INT: + Sets readdir policy. INT value sets the number of threads to use + for concurrency. (default: seq)
    • +
  • category.action=POLICY: Sets + policy of all FUSE functions in the action category. (default: + epall)
    • +
  • category.create=POLICY: Sets + policy of all FUSE functions in the create category. (default: + pfrd)
    • +
  • category.search=POLICY: Sets + policy of all FUSE functions in the search category. (default: ff)
    • +
  • cache.statfs=UINT: 'statfs' cache + timeout in seconds. (default: 0)
    • +
  • cache.attr=UINT: File attribute cache + timeout in seconds. (default: 1)
    • +
  • cache.entry=UINT: File name lookup cache + timeout in seconds. (default: 1)
    • +
  • cache.negative-entry=UINT: + Negative file name lookup cache timeout in seconds. (default: 0)
    • +
  • cache.files=off|partial|full|auto-full|per-process: + File page caching mode (default: off)
    • +
  • cache.files.process-names=LIST: A pipe | delimited list of + process comm + names to enable page caching for when + cache.files=per-process. (default: "rtorrent|qbittorrent-nox")
    • +
  • cache.writeback=BOOL: Enable kernel + writeback caching (default: false)
    • +
  • cache.symlinks=BOOL: Cache symlinks (if + supported by kernel) (default: false)
    • +
  • cache.readdir=BOOL: Cache readdir (if + supported by kernel) (default: false)
    • +
  • parallel-direct-writes=BOOL: Allow the kernel to dispatch + multiple, parallel (non-extending) write requests for files opened + with cache.files=per-process (if the process is not in + process-names) or cache.files=off. (Is a kernel feature added in + v6.2) (default: true)
    • +
  • passthrough.io=ENUM: Enable FUSE IO + passthrough + if available. (default: off)
    • +
  • passthrough.max-stack-depth=INT: Set to 1 another filesystem + can be stacked on mergerfs. Set to 2 to have mergerfs stacked over + another filesystem. (default: 1)
    • +
  • remember-nodes=INT: The number of seconds to keep the internal + representation of a file once the OS tells mergerfs it is no longer + needed. Really only needed for exporting mergerfs via + NFS (default: 0)
    • +
  • never-forget-nodes=BOOL: Sets remember-nodes to + infinity. Formerly noforget. (default: false)
    • +
  • allow-idmap=BOOL: Enables idmap (identity mapping). (default: + true)
    • +
  • debug: Enable debugging information. At the moment limited to a + FUSE message trace saved to log.file. (default: false)
    • +
  • log.file: The file path for the FUSE message trace. Empty string + will set to stderr. (default: stderr)
    • +
+

NOTE: Options are evaluated in the order listed so if the options +are func.rmdir=rand,category.action=ff the action category +setting will override the rmdir setting.

+

NOTE: Always look at the documentation for the version of mergerfs +you're using. Not all features are available in older releases.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/passthrough/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/passthrough/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5084caf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/passthrough/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2486 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + passthrough.io - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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passthrough.io

+
    +
  • default: off
    • +
  • arguments:
      +
    • off: Passthrough is never enabled.
      • +
    • ro: Only enable IO passthrough when file opened for reading only.
      • +
    • wo: Only enable IO passthrough when file opened for writing only.
      • +
    • rw: Enable IO passthrough when file opened for reading, writing, +or both.
      • +
    +
    • +
+

In Linux 6.9 +a IO passthrough feature was added to FUSE. Typically mergerfs has +to act as an active proxy for all read and write requests. This +results in, at times, significant overhead compared to direct +interaction with the underlying filesystems. Not because mergerfs is +doing anything particularly slow but because the additional +communication and data transfers required. With the passthrough.io +feature mergerfs is able to instruct the kernel to perform reads and +writes directly on the underlying file. Bypassing mergerfs entirely +(specifically and only for reads and writes) and thereby providing +near native performance.

+

This performance does come at the cost of some functionality as +mergerfs no longer has control over reads and writes which means all +features related to read/write are affected.

+
    +
  • moveonenospc: Does not work because errors are + not reported back to mergerfs.
    • +
  • nullrw: Since mergerfs no longer receives read/write requests + there is no read or write to ignore.
    • +
  • readahead: Still affects the readahead values of + underlying filesystems and mergerfs itself but no longer relevant + to mergerfs in that it is not servicing IO requests.
    • +
  • fuse-msg-size: The primary reason to increase + the FUSE message size is to allow transferring more data per request + which helps improve read and write performance. Without read/write + requests being sent to mergerfs there is little reason to have + larger message sizes since the only other message larger than 1 + page, directory reading, currently has a small fixed buffer size.
    • +
  • parallel-direct-writes: Not only is direct-io and passthrough.io + mutually exclusive but since mergerfs no longer receives write + requests in passthrough mode then there is no parallel writes + possible.
    • +
  • cache.writeback: FUSE's writeback caching is + incompatible with passthrough.io. If cache.writeback=true when + enabling passthrough.io it will be reset to false.
    • +
  • cache.files: Must be enabled for passthrough.io to + work. When cache.files=off FUSE's direct-io mode is enabled + which overrides passthrough.io. Meaning cache.files should be + set to partial, full or auto-full to use passthrough.io. If + cache.files is set to off when using passthrough.io it will + reset it to auto-full.
    • +
+

Technically mergerfs has the ability to choose options like +passthrough.io, direct-io, and page caching independently for +every file opened. However, at the moment there is no use case for +picking and choosing which to enable outside cache.files=per-process +(which is largely unnecessary on Linux v6.6 and above. See +direct-io-allow-mmap) If such a use case arises please +reach out to the author to discuss.

+

Unlike preload.so, passthrough.io will +work for any software interacting with mergerfs. However, +passthrough.io requires Linux v6.9 or above to work.

+

NOTE: This feature will ONLY work if mergerfs is running as +root as currently only root is allowed to leverage the kernel +feature.

+

NOTE: If a file has been opened and passthrough.io enabled, +while that file is open, if another open request is made mergerfs +must also enable passthrough.io for the second open request. This is +a limitation of how the passthrough feature works.

+

NOTE: In order to add passthrough.io feature to mergerfs it +was necessary to remove the "feature" where mergerfs could open the +same file on different branches. Such as using func.open=rand and +having multiple files at the same relative path across different +branches. This "feature" was very very rarely used and it was +impossible to support passthrough.io without changing that behavior.

+

Alternatives

+
    +
  • preload.so: Leverages the ability to + intercept certain filesystem calls to bypass mergerfs for + IO. See page for details and limitations.
    • +
+

Benchmarks

+

Simple dd based benchmark on a Hades Canyon (Intel i7-8809G, 32GB +DDR4-2400 RAM).

+
# /mnt/test is mergerfs over a single tmpfs mount
+dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/test/tmpfile bs=1M count=2000 oflag=nocache
+conv=fdatasync status=progress
+
+

Summary: passthrough is ~95% native speed. 200% faster than +direct-io (cache.files=off).

+
    +
  • straight to tmpfs: 1.7 GB/s
    • +
  • nullrw=true: 2.1 GB/s
    • +
  • cache.files=off; passthrough.io=off: 800 MB/s
    • +
  • cache.files=auto-full; passthrough.io=rw: 1.6 GB/s
    • +
  • cache.files=auto-full; cache.writeback=false: 518 MB/s
    • +
  • cache.files=auto-full; cache.writeback=true: 518 MB/s
    • +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/pin-threads/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/pin-threads/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7f8d9b6c --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/pin-threads/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2314 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + pin-threads - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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pin-threads

+

Simple strategies for pinning read and/or process threads. If process +threads are not enabled then the strategy simply works on the read +threads. Invalid values are ignored.

+
    +
  • pin-threads=R1L: All read threads pinned to a single logical CPU.
    • +
  • pin-threads=R1P: All read threads pinned to a single physical CPU.
    • +
  • pin-threads=RP1L: All read and process threads pinned to a single logical CPU.
    • +
  • pin-threads=RP1P: All read and process threads pinned to a single physical CPU.
    • +
  • pin-threads=R1LP1L: All read threads pinned to a single logical + CPU, all process threads pinned to a (if possible) different logical + CPU.
    • +
  • pin-threads=R1PP1P: All read threads pinned to a single physical + CPU, all process threads pinned to a (if possible) different logical + CPU.
    • +
  • pin-threads=RPSL: All read and process threads are spread across + all logical CPUs.
    • +
  • pin-threads=RPSP: All read and process threads are spread across + all physical CPUs.
    • +
  • pin-threads=R1PPSP: All read threads are pinned to a single + physical CPU while process threads are spread across all other + physical CPUs.
    • +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/proxy-ioprio/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/proxy-ioprio/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bfcdc957 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/proxy-ioprio/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2449 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + proxy-ioprio - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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proxy-ioprio

+
    +
  • type: BOOL
    • +
  • default: false
    • +
  • example: proxy-ioprio=true
    • +
+

In Linux certain process schedulers have the ability to +prioritize +based on a per thread IO +priority +assigned to the software by users using tools such as +ionice. Since +such details are not provided by the FUSE protocol, users may not use +schedulers which support IO priority, and the extra overhead to query +the priority and set it within mergerfs it does not by default attempt +to mirror/proxy the value. When enabled however, for all read and +write requests, mergerfs will query the priority of the requesting +process/thread and set the same value on the thread within mergerfs +making the read/write.

+

This may be useful in situation where the system has high IO load or +processes are known to have varying priorities. See the man +page for +specific details.

+

Keep in mind that if no IO scheduler has been set for a thread then by +default the IO priority will match the CPU nice value which for +mergerfs is set by scheduling-priority. Nice +value +proxying may be added in a future release.

+

Conflicts With Other Options

+

If using IO passthrough there is no reason to set +this value to true. However, since passthrough.io leads to +mergerfs IO calls being bypassed entirely will have no impact on +performance or behavior regardless.

+

When using passthrough.io the IO priority of the client app would be +used directly given the IO is passed through.

+

Supported Platforms

+

Only Linux. This is not supported on FreeBSD.

+

Performance Impact

+

Despite the additional syscalls requires the impact appears +undetectable with larger buffer sizes. At very small buffer sizes +(such as 512 bytes) there is a noticable but small impact (~1.5%).

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/readahead/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/readahead/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0723ec2d --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/readahead/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2325 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + readahead - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

readahead

+

Sets the mergerfs and underlying filesystem readahead values. The +value unit is in kibibytes.

+
    +
  • readahead=1024
    • +
+

While the max size of messages sent between the kernel and mergerfs is +configurable via the fuse-msg-size option that +doesn't mean that is the size used by the kernel for read and +writes.

+

Linux has a max read/write size of 2GB. Since the max FUSE message +size is just over 1MiB (by default on more recent kernels) the kernel +will break up read and write requests with buffers larger than that +1MiB.

+

When page caching is disabled (cache.files=off), besides the kernel +breaking up requests with larger buffers, requests are effectively one +for one to mergerfs. A read or write request for X bytes is made to +the kernel and a request for X bytes is made to mergerfs. No +readahead behavior will +occur because there is no page cache available for it to store that +data. In FUSE this is referred to as "direct IO". Note that "direct +IO" is not the same as O_DIRECT.

+

When page caching is enabled the kernel can and will utilize +readahead. However, there are two values which impact the size of +the readahead requests. The filesystem's readahead value and the +FUSE max_readahead value. Whichever is lowest is used. The default +max_readahead in mergerfs is maxed out meaning only the filesystem +readahead value is relevant.

+

Preferably this value would be set by the user externally since it is +a generic feature but there is no standard way to do so mergerfs added +this feature to make it easier to set.

+

There is currently no way to set separate values for different +branches through mergerfs. In fact at some point the feature may be +changed to only set mergerfs' readahead.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/rename-exdev/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/rename-exdev/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2dfdc5e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/rename-exdev/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2310 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + rename-exdev - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

rename-exdev

+

If using path preservation and a rename fails with EXDEV:

+
    +
  1. Move file from /branch/a/b/c to /branch/.mergerfs_rename_exdev/a/b/c.
    2. +
  2. symlink the rename's newpath to the moved file.
    3. +
+

The target value is determined by the value of rename-exdev.

+
    +
  • rename-exdev=passthrough: Return EXDEV as normal.
    • +
  • rename-exdev=rel-symlink: A relative path from the newpath.
    • +
  • rename-exdev=abs-symlink: An absolute value using the mergerfs + mount point.
    • +
  • Defaults to passthrough.
    • +
+

NOTE: It is possible that some applications check the file they +rename. In those cases it is possible it will error or complain.

+

NOTE: The reason abs-symlink is not split into two like +link-exdev is due to the complexities in managing absolute base +symlinks when multiple oldpaths exist.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/rename_and_link/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/rename_and_link/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..946b782a --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/rename_and_link/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2428 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + rename and link - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

rename and link

+

rename and link are arguably the most complicated functions to +create in a union filesystem. rename only works within a single +filesystem or device. If a rename can not be done due to the source +and destination paths existing on different mount points it will +return an error (EXDEV, cross device / improper link). So if a +rename's source and target are on different filesystems within the +pool it creates an issue.

+

Originally mergerfs would return EXDEV whenever a rename was requested +which was cross directory in any way. This made the code simple and +was technically compliant with POSIX requirements. However, many +applications fail to handle EXDEV at all and treat it as a normal +error or otherwise handle it poorly. Such apps include: gvfsd-fuse +v1.20.3 and prior, Finder / CIFS/SMB client in Apple OSX 10.9+, +NZBGet, Samba's recycling bin feature.

+

As a result a compromise was made in order to get most software to +work while still obeying mergerfs' policies. The behavior is explained +below.

+
    +
  • If using a create policy which tries to preserve directory paths (epff,eplfs,eplus,epmfs)
      +
    • Using the rename policy get the list of files to rename
      • +
    • For each file attempt rename:
        +
      • If failure with ENOENT (no such file or directory) run create policy
        • +
      • If create policy returns the same branch as currently evaluating then clone the path
        • +
      • Re-attempt rename
        • +
      +
      • +
    • If any of the renames succeed the higher level rename is considered a success
      • +
    • If no renames succeed the first error encountered will be returned
      • +
    • On success:
      • +
    • Remove the target from all branches with no source file
      • +
    • Remove the source from all branches which failed to rename
      • +
    +
    • +
  • If using a create policy which does not try to preserve directory paths
      +
    • Using the rename policy get the list of files to rename
      • +
    • Using the getattr policy get the target path
      • +
    • For each file attempt rename:
        +
      • If the target path does not exist on the source branch:
          +
        • Clone target path from target branch to source branch
          • +
        +
        • +
      • rename
        • +
      +
      • +
    • If any of the renames succeed the higher level rename is considered a success
      • +
    • If no renames succeed the first error encountered will be returned
      • +
    • On success:
      • +
    • Remove the target from all branches with no source file
      • +
    • Remove the source from all branches which failed to rename
      • +
    +
    • +
+

The removals are subject to normal entitlement checks. If the unlink +fails it will fail silently.

+

The above behavior will help minimize the likelihood of EXDEV being +returned but it will still be possible.

+

link uses the same strategy but without the removals.

+

Additional Reading

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/statfs/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/statfs/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..23179620 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/statfs/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2389 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + statfs / statvfs - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

statfs / statvfs

+
    +
  • statfs=base: Aggregate details from all branches using their base directory.
    • +
  • statfs=full: Aggregate details using the full path of the file + requested. Limiting it to only branches where the file exists.
    • +
  • Defaults to base.
    • +
+

statvfs normalizes the source +filesystems based on the fragment size and sums the number of adjusted +blocks and inodes. This means you will see the combined space of all +sources. Total, used, and free. The sources however are dedupped based +on the filesystem so multiple sources on the same drive will not result in +double counting its space. Other filesystems mounted further down the tree +of the branch will not be included when checking the mount's stats.

+

statfs_ignore

+

Modifies how statfs works. Will cause it to ignore branches of a +certain mode.

+
    +
  • statfs_ignore=none: Include all branches.
    • +
  • statfs_ignore=ro: Ignore available space for branches mounted as + read-only or have a mode RO or NC.
    • +
  • statfs_ignore=nc: Ignore available space for branches with a mode + of NC.
    • +
  • Defaults to none.
    • +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/symlinkify/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/symlinkify/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b9c48ede --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/symlinkify/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2312 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + symlinkify - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

symlinkify

+
    +
  • symlinkify=true|false
    • +
  • Defaults to false.
    • +
+

Due to the levels of indirection introduced by mergerfs and the +underlying technology FUSE there can be varying levels of performance +degradation. This feature will turn non-directories which are not +writable into symlinks to the original file found by the readlink +policy after the mtime and ctime are older than the timeout.

+

WARNING: The current implementation has a known issue in which if +the file is open and being used when the file is converted to a +symlink then the application which has that file open will receive an +error when using it. This is unlikely to occur in practice but is +something to keep in mind.

+

WARNING: Some backup solutions, such as CrashPlan, do not backup +the target of a symlink. If using this feature it will be necessary to +point any backup software to the original filesystems or configure the +software to follow symlinks if such an option is +available. Alternatively, create two mounts. One for backup and one +for general consumption.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/threads/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/threads/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b5d809b --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/threads/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2459 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + threads - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

threads

+

There are multiple thread pools used in mergerfs to provide +parallel behaviors.

+

read-thread-count

+

Defaults to 0

+

The number of threads used to read messages from the kernel. If used +alone processing will be done on the same thread. If +process-thread-count is enabled then this thread pool will read +messages and the process thread pool will do the work. This can +increase how much mergerfs can process at one time but may reduce +throughput.

+
    +
  • read-thread-count=0 and process-thread-count=-1: Create 1 + read+process thread per logical CPU core upto 8.
    • +
  • read-thread-count=N where N>0 and process-thread-count=-1: + Create a thread pool of N read+process threads.
    • +
  • read-thread-count=N where N<0 and process-thread-count=-1: + Create a read+process thread pool of CPUCount / -N + threads. Minimum of 1.
    • +
  • read-thread-count=0 and process-thread-count=0: Create 2 read + threads and a process thread per logical CPU core upto 8.
    • +
  • read-thread-count=0 and process-thread-count!=-1: Creates 2 + read threads and number of process threads as defined below.
    • +
+

process-thread-count

+

Defaults to -1

+

When enabled this sets the number of threads in the message processing pool.

+
    +
  • process-thread-count=-1: Process thread pool is disabled.
    • +
  • process-thread-count=0: Create 1 thread process thread per + logical CPU core upto 8.
    • +
  • process-thread-count=N where N>0: Create a thread pool of N threads.
    • +
  • process-thread-count=N where N<-1: Create a thread pool of CPUCount / + -N threads. Minimum of 1.
    • +
+

process-thread-queue-depth

+

Defaults to 2

+

Sets the depth queue for the processing thread queue per +thread. Meaning if the read threads are getting requests faster than +can be processed they will be queued up upto the queue depth. Despite +the calculation being per thread the queue depth is shared across all +in the pool.

+
    +
  • process-thread-queue-depth=N where N>0: Sets the number of + outstanding requests that the process thread pool can have to N * + process-thread-count. If requests come in faster than can be + processed and the max queue depth hit then queuing the request will + block in order to limit memory growth.
    • +
  • process-thread-queue-depth<=0: Sets the queue depth to 2. May be + used in the future to set dynamically.
    • +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/config/xattr/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/config/xattr/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f37312a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/config/xattr/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2316 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + xattr - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

xattr

+
    +
  • xattr=passthrough: Passes through all requests to underlying file.
    • +
  • xattr=noattr: mergerfs receives the request but returns NOATTR.
    • +
  • xattr=nosys: Tells the kernel to reject all xattr requests.
    • +
  • Defaults to passthrough.
    • +
+

Runtime extended attribute support can be managed via the xattr +option. By default it will passthrough any xattr calls. Given xattr +support is rarely used and can have significant performance +implications mergerfs allows it to be disabled at runtime. The +performance problems mostly comes when file caching is enabled. The +kernel will send a getxattr for security.capability before every +single write. It doesn't cache the responses to any getxattr. This +might be addressed in the future but for now mergerfs can really only +offer the following workarounds.

+

noattr will cause mergerfs to short circuit all xattr calls and +return ENOATTR where appropriate. mergerfs still gets all the requests +but they will not be forwarded on to the underlying filesystems. The +runtime control will still function in this mode.

+

nosys will cause mergerfs to return ENOSYS for any xattr call. The +difference with noattr is that the kernel will cache this fact and +itself short circuit future calls. This is more efficient than +noattr but will cause mergerfs' runtime control via the hidden file +to stop working.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/error_handling_and_logging/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/error_handling_and_logging/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..55218315 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/error_handling_and_logging/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2579 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Error Handling and Logging - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
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+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Error Handling and Logging

+

Error Handling

+

POSIX filesystem functions typically work on singular items and return +singular errors. This means that there is some complication when +dealing with multiple files or behaviors that are required in mergerfs.

+

mergerfs tries to handle errors in a way that would generally return +meaningful values for that particular function.

+

Filesystem Functions

+

chmod, chown, removexattr, setxattr, truncate, utimens

+
    +
  1. if no errors: return 0 (success)
    2. +
  2. if no successes: return first error
    3. +
  3. if one of the files acted on was the same as the related search + function: return its value
    4. +
  4. return 0 (success)
    5. +
+

While doing this increases the complexity and cost of error handling, +particularly step 3, this provides probably the most reasonable return +value.

+ +
    +
  1. if no errors: return 0 (success)
    2. +
  2. return first error
    3. +
+

Older versions of mergerfs would return success if any success +occurred but for unlink and rmdir there are downstream assumptions +that, while not impossible to occur in more traditional situation, can +confuse some software.

+

open, create

+

For create and open where a single file is targeted the return +value of the equivalent final call is returned.

+

If the error returned is EROFS, indicating the filesystem is in fact +read-only, mergerfs will mark the branch RO and rerun the +policy. This typically will only happen with ext4 when the +filesystem is found to have corruption and the OS remounts the +filesystem as read-only to protect it. In that situation the +filesystem does not otherwise indicate that it is read-only as it +would if mounted with ro.

+

others

+

For search functions, there is always a single thing acted on and as +such whatever return value that comes from the single function call is +returned.

+

For create functions mkdir, mknod, and symlink which don't +return a file descriptor and therefore can have all or epall +policies it will return success if any of the calls succeed and an +error otherwise.

+

Branches disappearing / reappearing

+

This is not an error condition. mergerfs works on paths. Not +mounts. There is currently no assumption or active inspection of the +branch path provided at runtime. Nor does it keep its own open file +descriptors that would prevent an unused filesystem from being +unmounted. If a filesystem disappears for any reason mergerfs will +simply continue on behaving as it would normally. As if you never +mounted that filesystem into that location. If a branch path no longer +exists the branch is simply skipped by policies.

+

If you wish to keep the branch path from being used when a branch +path's intended filesystem disappears then make the directory +difficult or impossible to use.

+
chown root:root /mnt/mountpoint/
+chmod 0000 /mnt/mountpoint/
+chattr +i /mnt/mountpoint/
+
+

You can still mount to that directory but you will not be able to +write to it. Even as root. Note that chattr works on limited +filesystems. Mainly ext4.

+

Logging

+

Filesystems, and therefore mergerfs, are doing lots of small +actions at high speed. It simply isn't reasonable to log all the +actions of the system all the time. However, there is a debug mode +which can be toggled on as needed, even at runtime, which will record +some information to help with debugging. The main thing it will record +is a trace of all FUSE messages to the location defined by the +log.file option. See config section for more +details.

+

That said even with debug mode disabled mergerfs will log certain +details via syslog which on systemd based systems can be viewed by +running:

+
journalctl -t mergerfs
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/extended_usage_patterns/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/extended_usage_patterns/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c0a6a4d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/extended_usage_patterns/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2487 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Extended Usage Patterns - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Extended Usage Patterns

+

tiered cache

+

Some storage technologies support what is called "tiered" caching. The +placing of smaller, faster storage as a transparent cache to larger, +slower storage. NVMe, SSD, or Optane in front of traditional HDDs for +instance.

+

mergerfs does not natively support any sort of tiered caching +currently. The truth is for many users a cache would have little or no +advantage over reading and writing directly. They would be +bottlenecked by their network, internet connection, or limited size of +the cache. However, there are a few situations where a tiered cache +setup could help.

+
    +
  1. Fast network, slow filesystems, many readers: You've a 10Gbps+ + network with many readers and your regular filesystems can't keep + up.
    2. +
  2. Fast network, slow filesystems, small'ish bursty writes: You have + a 10Gbps+ network and wish to transfer amounts of data less than + your cache filesystem but wish to do so quickly and the time + between bursts is long enough to migrate data.
    3. +
+

With #1 it's arguable if you should be using mergerfs at all. A RAID +level that can aggregate performance or using higher performance +storage would probably be the better solution. If you're going to use +mergerfs there are other tactics that may help: spreading the data +across filesystems (see the mergerfs.dup tool) and setting +func.open=rand or using dm-cache or a similar technology to add +tiered cache to the underlying device itself.

+

With #2 one could use a block cache solution as available via LVM and +dm-cache but there is another solution which requires only mergerfs, a +script to move files around, and a cron job to run said script.

+
    +
  • Create two mergerfs pools. One which includes just the slow + branches and one which has both the fast branches + (SSD,NVME,etc.) and slow branches. The base pool and the + cache pool.
    • +
  • The cache pool should have the cache branches listed first in + the branch list in order to to make it easier to prioritize them.
    • +
  • The best create policies to use for the cache pool would + probably be ff, lus, or lfs. The latter two under the + assumption that the cache filesystem(s) are far smaller than the + backing filesystems.
    • +
  • You can also set the slow branches' mode to NC which would + give you the ability to use other create policies though that'd + mean if the cache filesystems fill you'd get "out of space" + errors. This however may be good as it would indicate the script + moving files around is not configured properly.
    • +
  • Set your programs to use the cache pool.
    • +
  • Configure the base pool with the create policy you would like + to lay out files as you like.
    • +
  • Use monstermuffin's + mergerfs-cache-mover, + one of the scripts below, or create your own. The script's + responsibility is to move files from the cache branches (not + pool) to the base pool.
    • +
  • Use cron (as root) to schedule the command at whatever frequency + is appropriate for your workflow.
    • +
+

NOTE: Due to the additional overhead it is not recommended to nest +or otherwise create hierarchies of mergerfs pools. It will work but +the latency increases will further harm performance. Even when using +passthrough IO or other features.

+

time based expiring

+

NOTE: this script is an example, not particularly efficient, and +really not intended for production deployments. Until such time that +mergerfs provides tooling for this usecase consider using +mergerfs-cache-mover.

+

Move files from cache filesystem to base pool which have an access +time older than the supplied number of days. Replace -atime with +-amin in the script if you want minutes rather than days.

+

NOTE: The arguments to these scripts include the cache +filesystem itself. Not the pool with the cache filesystem. You +could have data loss if the source is the cache pool.

+

mergerfs.time-based-mover

+

Download: +

curl -o /usr/local/bin/mergerfs.time-based-mover https://raw.githubusercontent.com/trapexit/mergerfs/refs/heads/latest-release/tools/mergerfs.time-based-mover
+

+

crontab entry: +

# m h  dom mon dow   command
+0 * * * * /usr/local/bin/mergerfs.time-based-mover /mnt/ssd/cache00 /mnt/base-pool 1
+

+

If you have more than one cache filesystem then simply add a cron +entry for each.

+

If you want to only move files from a subdirectory then use the +subdirectories. /mnt/ssd/cache00/foo and /mnt/base-pool/foo +respectively.

+

percentage full expiring

+

NOTE: this script is an example, not particularly efficient, and +really not intended for production deployments. Until such time that +mergerfs provides tooling for this usecase consider using +mergerfs-cache-mover.

+

While the cache filesystem's percentage full is above the provided +value move the oldest file from the cache filesystem to the base pool.

+

NOTE: The arguments to these scripts include the cache +filesystem itself. Not the pool with the cache filesystem. You +could have data loss if the source is the cache pool.

+

mergerfs.percent-full-mover

+

Download: +

curl -o /usr/local/bin/mergerfs.percent-full-mover https://raw.githubusercontent.com/trapexit/mergerfs/refs/heads/latest-release/tools/mergerfs.percent-full-mover
+

+

crontab entry: +

# m h  dom mon dow   command
+0 * * * * /usr/local/bin/mergerfs.percent-full-mover /mnt/ssd/cache00 /mnt/base-pool 80
+

+

If you have more than one cache filesystem then simply add a cron +entry for each.

+

If you want to only move files from a subdirectory then use the +subdirectories. /mnt/ssd/cache00/foo and /mnt/base-pool/foo +respectively.

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Compatibility and Integration

+

What operating systems does mergerfs support?

+

Primarily Linux. FreeBSD is casually +supported but not well tested.

+

With FreeBSD certain Linux functions and FUSE features are not +supported. In many cases the +absence will not be noticed however more advanced features will not be +available.

+

Why not support MacOS?

+
    +
  • Last checked the support for FUSE on MacOS was in flux.
    • +
  • MacOS is not an OS commonly used for NASs and other use cases + for which mergerfs is used.
    • +
  • trapexit does not own a MacOS based system.
    • +
+

Why not support Windows?

+

WinFSP does implement a libfuse compatible API +for Windows however mergerfs does not use libfuse (perhaps +ironically.) +Even if mergerfs was ported to use libfuse it would require the use of +the low level API. WinFSP does not appear to support libfuse's low +level API.

+

Windows, while used for NAS systems more often than MacOS, is still +relatively uncommon when compared to Linux. Drive +Pool is a good +alternative. It may also be possible to use mergerfs with WSL.

+

What filesystems can be used as branches?

+

ext4, btrfs, xfs, f2fs, zfs, nfs, etc.

+

Most any filesystem should work but there could be issues with +non-POSIX compliant filesystems such as nfs (w/ root squashing), vfat, +ntfs, cifs, exfat, etc. When directories need to be created or files +moved by mergerfs if the filesystem returns errors due to not +supporting certain POSIX filesystem features it could result in the +core functions failing.

+

Since mergerfs is not generally used with non-POSIX filesystems this +has not been a problem for users and there are some checks for known +edge cases but it is possible some are not accounted for. If use with a +filesystem results in issues please file a +ticket with the details.

+

What types of storage devices does mergerfs work with?

+

Since mergerfs works at the filesystem level rather than device level +there is no compatibility concerns based on the physical storage +devices involved.

+

Can I use mergerfs without SnapRAID? SnapRAID without mergerfs?

+

https://www.snapraid.it

+

Yes. They are completely unrelated pieces of software that just happen +to work well together.

+

How does mergerfs interact with SnapRAID recovery behavior?

+

SnapRAID does not choose parity layout based on directory structure or +relative path. As each file is discovered, SnapRAID fills parity space +for that file based on its size using the next available parity area. +This makes the logical parity layout depend on discovery order, file +size, and how much data already exists on each filesystem at that +time. Filesystems with similar used space, regardless of total +capacity, are more likely to place newly added files into similar +parity positions.

+

Because of that, if files are changed or removed across multiple +branches and those files happen to overlap in parity space, recovery +of those deleted files may be less reliable. This is not a general +concern, is not unique to mergerfs usage, and it does not affect +filesystem failure recovery. It is specifically a concern when trying +to recover from accidental deletion of files spread across multiple +filesystems.

+

In practice this mostly matters when the filesystems have very similar +used space, the files are created across those filesystems around the +same time, and you later want SnapRAID to recover an accidental +deletion spanning multiple filesystems. Otherwise this is usually not +something to worry about.

+

If, however, this is a concern it can be beneficial to keep files on +as few filesystems as possible or otherwise keep related files +together. See the collocation +section.

+

Can I use mergerfs without NonRAID? NonRAID without mergerfs?

+

https://github.com/qvr/nonraid

+

Yes. They are completely unrelated pieces of software that just happen +to work well together.

+

How does mergerfs interact with NonRAID?

+

There are no known special interactions or concerns between mergerfs +and NonRAID. They are separate tools and mergerfs has no known +behavior which requires any special configuration or caveats when used +with NonRAID.

+

Does mergerfs support CoW / copy-on-write / writes to read-only filesystems?

+

Not in the sense of a filesystem like BTRFS or ZFS nor in the +overlayfs or aufs sense. It does offer a +cow-shell +like hard link breaking (copy to temp file then rename over original) +which can be useful when wanting to save space by hardlinking +duplicate files but wish to treat each name as if it were a unique and +separate file.

+

If you want to write to a read-only filesystem you should look at +overlayfs. You can always include the overlayfs mount into a mergerfs +pool.

+

Can mergerfs run via Docker, Podman, Kubernetes, etc.

+

Yes. See installation +page.

+

How does mergerfs interact with user namespaces?

+

FUSE does not have any special integration with Linux user namespaces +used by container runtime platforms like Docker, Podman, etc. The +uid/gid values passed to mergerfs will be the host level values rather +than that seen inside the container. Meaning root in a container +with user namespaces configured will not be root to mergerfs. Same +with any other uid/gid. Meaning your permissions on your branches must +work with the translated values from the id mapping.

+

It is generally recommended to not use user namespacing / id mapping +given the complication it introduces.

+

Can mergerfs be used with NFS root squash?

+

If mergerfs is pooling a NFS mount then root squash must be disabled +as mergerfs needs to be able to have elevated privileges to do what it +does (set permissions, ownership, etc.)

+

If you are exporting mergerfs over NFS it is not strictly necessary to +disable root squashing but 3rd party software running as root may +fail.

+

See the section on remote filesystems.

+

Does inotify and fanotify work?

+

Yes. You can test by using +inotifywait or +inotifywatch.

+

However, you can not get notifications for events that occur outside +of the mergerfs mount. For instance if you are doing +out-of-band +changes it is not possible to get those events forwarded through +mergerfs. FUSE offers no mechanism to publish events and even if it +did it would require somewhat expensive +inotify or +fanotify +watches on all branches.

+

Most software which has the ability to actively monitor a filesystem +(such as Plex, Emby, Jellyfin, Airsonic, etc.) are using inotify or +fanotify.

+

If you must add content out-of-band the only way to get real-time +updates (via inotify or fanotify) is to add the underlying branches to +the software rather than using the mergerfs mount. An alternative is +to enable regular library scanning. Plex, for instance, has "Scan my +library periodically". Additionally, if you are using software such as +Radarr, Sonarr, or Lidarr you can configure it to trigger library +updates in a number of services. This can be found under Settings > +Connect.

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Configuration and Policies

+

What settings should I use?

+

Depends on what features you want. Generally, there are no "good", +"bad", "inefficient", or "optimal" settings. Options are almost +exclusively functional. Meaning they change the behavior of the +software. It is best to read over the available options and choose +what fits your use case. If something is not clear from the +documentation please reach out and the documentation will be improved.

+

The settings described in the Quick Start are +sufficient for most users.

+

Filesystems are complex and use cases numerous. There simply is no way +to provide a singular setup that works for all situations. Since +mergerfs does not impact the underlying +filesystems and can be added or removed without any impact it is +extremely easy to test and experiment with different settings.

+

Additional reading:

+ +

What create policy should I use?

+

If it isn't clear to you then you should use pfrd as described in +the quickstart guide.

+

Why are there no policies based on file size?

+

Because it is not possible to know the final size of a file at creation +time.

+

See How does mergerfs handle moving and copying of +files? +and Intro to Filesystems - Creating a +file.

+

Why is pfrd the default create policy?

+

Originally the default was epmfs however it was found to cause +significant confusion among new users who assumed mergerfs to behave +like other software which always choose a branch with most available +space without any filtering or restrictions. The reason for using +epmfs was to allow people to use mergerfs without impacting the +layout of their data across the branches. Keeping the total entropy of +the system in check. This, however, was not understood by users who +did not read the documentation and caused significant support burdens.

+

For mergerfs v2.41.0 it was decided to change the default to pfrd to +minimize the support burden.

+

pfrd was chosen because it prioritizes placement to branches based +on free space (percentage wise) without overloading a specific branch +as mfs, lus, or other policies could when a singular branch has +significantly more free space. Since it is impossible to know the +usage and access patterns of the filesystem spreading out files across +the branches also spreads the load and therefore good for general use +cases making it a good default.

+

Additional reading:

+ +

How can I ensure files are collocated on the same branch?

+

Many people like the idea of ensuring related files, such as all the +files to a TV show season or songs in an album, are stored on the same +storage device. However, most people have no technical need for this +behavior.

+
    +
  1. If you backup your data it is extremely likely your backup solution + can restore only those files you are missing. There is no need to + store data in related units to ensure restoring data is easy.
    2. +
  2. Software such as Sonarr can manage the + downloading and post processing of bespoke files / episodes which + may be missing. Either by downloading the episode individually if + available or by downloading a full season.
    3. +
  3. There is no benefit to keeping files collocated with regard to + drive spinup, caching, or other secondary concern. In fact + depending on usage patterns placing the data on the same underlying + device could harm performance.
    4. +
+

The main use case for wanting collocation is where the branch is going +to be removed from the pool and used in isolation temporarily and you +wish to have all data from some logical set on that device. Such as +you intend to take a drive out of the pool to take on a trip and want +a whole show or artist's works on the drive. However, even in these +situations you typically end up needing to curate the files anyway +because it has show A but not show B. In such cases it is more +convient to use a separate devices and sync what you wish to it.

+

All that said you can accomplish collocation to varying degrees using +the following methods:

+
    +
  1. Use + mergerfs.consolidate + when consolidation is needed.
    2. +
  2. Use a msp create policy to do a best effort collocation without + needing explicit directory curation.
    3. +
  3. Use epmfs or other ep create policy and manually create paths + on the branches directly as you need/desire.
    4. +
  4. Use a ep create policy and pfrd or rand for mkdir.
    5. +
+

How can I balance files across the pool?

+

Similar to collocation there is generally little reason to balance +files across the pool branches.

+
    +
  1. Since prediction of a device's/filesystem's death or loss of data + is near impossible there is little reason to balance in hopes of + limiting data loss.
    2. +
  2. While performance could be impacted by having too much reading or + writing happen to singular underlying filesystems balancing won't + help unless you have the ability to manage the access patterns to + the pool.
    3. +
  3. Over time the churn of adding and removing files will lead to a + random distribution of files across the branches which is + effectively "balancing" if using create policies which do not favor + any particular branch.
    4. +
+

All that said if you wish to move files around or balance the pool you +can:

+
    +
  1. Use rand or pfrd create policies and just use your system as + normal.
    2. +
  2. Write scripts using rsync or similar to move files around as you + wish.
    3. +
  3. Use + mergerfs.balance. Keep + in mind that this tool is really just an example of how to + accomplish such a task. The tool does not keep track of links so + you may encounter an increase in used space if you rely on links to + reduce redundancy. However, you can run a file dedup program like + rdfind to restore the links.
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"Have You Considered?"

+

Have you considered limiting drive spinup?

+

Yes. See Limiting Drive Spinup.

+

Have you considered porting to MacOS?

+

Yes, but the FUSE implementation on MacOS has gotten a bit complicated +and fragmented. I'm not opposed to supporting it but given the low +demand, lack of the author having a modern MacOS system, the fact +mergerfs does not use standard +libfuse API, and MacOS FUSE +situation it is unlikely.

+

Have you considered porting mergerfs to Windows (WinFsp)?

+

Similar to MacOS the demand is very low and mergerfs does not use the +libfuse library so porting to +WinFsp would first mean porting it to libfuse.

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Limiting drive spinup

+

Does mergerfs do anything to prevent drive spinup?

+

No. In fact it makes it worse.

+

How can I setup my system to limit drive spinup?

+

TL;DR: You really can't. Not through mergerfs alone. In fact using +mergerfs makes any general attempt to limit spinup more complicated.

+

mergerfs is a proxy. Despite having some caching +behaviors it is not designed to cache much more +than metadata. It proxies calls between client software and underlying +filesystems. If a client makes a request such as open, readdir, +stat, etc. it must translate that into something that makes sense +across multiple filesystems. For readdir that means running the same +call against all branches and aggregating the output. For open that +means finding the file to open and doing so. The only way to find the +file to open is to scan across all branches and sort the results and +pick one. There is some variability in how much searching is done due +to +policies +but not much. There is no practical way to do otherwise. Especially +given so many mergerfs users expect out-of-band changes to "just +work."

+

The best way to limit spinup of drives is to limit their usage at the +client level. Meaning keeping software from interacting with the +filesystem (and therefore the drive) all together.

+

What if you assume no out-of-band changes and cache everything?

+

This would require a significant rewrite of mergerfs. Everything is +done on the fly right now and all those calls to underlying +filesystems can cause a spinup. To work around that a database of some +sort would have to be used to store ALL metadata about the underlying +filesystems and on startup everything scanned and stored. From then on +it would have to carefully update all the same data the filesystems +do. It couldn't be kept in RAM because it would take up too much space +so it'd have to be on a SSD or other storage device. If anything +changed out of band it would break things in weird ways (and MANY +users depend on out of band changes working.) It could rescan on +occasion but that would require spinning up everything. Filesystem +watches could be used but since mergerfs is just another piece of +software interacting with the filesystem ALL mergerfs requests would +be echoed back to it causing lots of overhead throwing away a super +majority of events it triggered. And something as "simple" as keeping +the current available free space on each filesystem is not as easy as +one might think given reflinks, snapshots, and other block level dedup +technologies distort the meaning of usage values.

+

Only if ALL metadata and all file locations were cached could mergerfs +then do very targeted file operations so as not to trigger a scan +across the pool. But that will break out of band interactions. It +would require accepting possibly bad behavior by space based policies +since space would be imprecisely computed. It would require long scans +of the filesystems on startup and a separate location to store all +this data.

+

What if you only query already active drives?

+

Let's assume that is plausible (it isn't because some drives actually +will spin up if you ask if they are spun down... yes... really) you +would have to either cache all the metadata on the filesystem or treat +it like the filesystem doesn't exist. The former has all the problems +mentioned prior and the latter would break a lot of things. Suddenly +whole filesystems worth of data would be missing because it spun down.

+

Is there anything that can be done where mergerfs is involved?

+

Yes, but whether it works for you depends on your tolerance for the +complexity.

+
    +
  1. Cleanly separate writing, storing, and consuming the data.
      +
    1. Use a SSD or dedicated and limited pool of drives for downloads / torrents.
      2. +
    2. When downloaded move the files to the primary storage pool.
      3. +
    3. When setting up software like Plex, Jellyfin, etc. point to the + underlying filesystems. Not mergerfs.
      4. +
    +
    2. +
  2. Add a bunch of bcache, lvmcache, dm-cache, or similar block level + cache to your setup. After a bit of use, assuming sufficient + storage space, you can limit the likelihood of the underlying + spinning disks from needing to be hit.
    3. +
  3. Tweak your system's settings around caching:
      +
    • mount all your filesystems with noatime to disable updating + "last accessed" time on files.
      • +
    • mount all your filesystems with nodiratime to disable updating + "last accessed" time on directories.
      • +
    • sudo sysctl -w vm.vfs_cache_pressure=10: Prioritizes keeping + file metadata cached in RAM.
      • +
    • sudo sysctl -w vm.dirty_ratio=40: Allows up to 40% of system + memory to be filled with unwritten "dirty" data before forcing a + disk flush.
      • +
    • sudo sysctl -w vm.dirty_background_ratio=5: Sets a lower + threshold (5%) for the kernel to start writing data in the + background without blocking applications.
      • +
    • sudo sysctl -w vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs=6000: Increases + the interval between kernel writeback checks to 60 seconds + (default is usually 5).
      • +
    • sudo sysctl -w vm.dirty_expire_centisecs=12000: Allows data to + stay "dirty" in RAM for up to 120 seconds before it must be + written to disk.
      • +
    • To make sysctl values permanent add the above to + /etc/sysctl.conf.
      • +
    • Note: for systems with limited RAM the above sysctl values + could cause issues.
      • +
    • Note: if you increase the time for which data is stored in + RAM before being flushed to disk there is also an increased risk + that a sudden powerloss could lead to lost data.
      • +
    +
    4. +
  4. Enable all the appropriate caches in mergerfs:
      +
    • https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/latest/config/cache/
      • +
    • cache.entry=86400: cache file existence for 24h.
      • +
    • cache.negative-entry=86400: cache file non-existence for 24h.
      • +
    • cache.attr=86400: cache file metadata for 24h.
      • +
    • cache.symlinks=true: enable symlink caching.
      • +
    • cache.readdir=true: enable directory listing caching.
      • +
    +
    5. +
+

References

+ +

Tradeoffs

+

While it may be a trade off you are willing to live with there is +decent evidence that spinning down drives puts material increased wear +on them and can lead to their death earlier than otherwise. You may +end up saving money on electricity but spending more on having to +purchase new drives sooner.

+

Alternatives

+

Project Comparisons lists a few projects +that are similar to mergerfs but offer caching. Please note that these +projects are very young and not general purpose like mergerfs. Their +compliance to POSIX filesystem rules is probably low enough that +certain behaviors may not work or worse lead to data corruption.

+

I'm not suggesting not to look at those projects but filesystem +development is complicated even when it appears to be just a layer on +top of another. Just be careful and do your research. That stands for +anything touching your data... mergerfs included.

+

To the degree that mergerfs can add features which help in this +situation, so long as it doesn't interfere with other fundamental +features, they may be added over time.

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Reliability and Scalability

+

Is mergerfs "production ready?"

+

Yes.

+

mergerfs has been around for over a decade and used by many users on +their systems. Typically running 24/7 with constant load.

+

At least a few companies are believed to use mergerfs in production +environments. A number of NAS focused operating +systems includes mergerfs as a solution for +pooling filesystems.

+

Most serious issues (crashes or data corruption) have been due to +kernel bugs. All of +which are fixed in stable releases.

+

How well does mergerfs scale?

+

Users have reported running mergerfs on everything from OpenWRT +routers and Raspberry Pi SBCs to multi-socket Xeon enterprise servers.

+

Users have pooled everything from USB thumb drives to enterprise NVME +SSDs to remote filesystems and rclone mounts.

+

The cost of many calls can be O(n) meaning adding more branches to +the pool will increase the cost of certain functions, such as reading +directories or finding files to open, but there are a number of caches +and strategies in place to limit overhead where possible.

+

Are there any limits?

+

There is no maximum capacity beyond what is imposed by the operating +system itself. Any limit is practical rather than technical. As +explained in the question about scale mergerfs is mostly limited by +the tolerated cost of aggregating branches and the cost associated +with interacting with them. If you pool slow network filesystem then +that will naturally impact performance more than low latency SSDs.

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Technical Behavior and Limitations

+ +

Yes. links (otherwise known +as hard links) are fundamentally supported by mergerfs. There is no +option to enable or disable links. All comments elsewhere claiming they +do not work are related to the setup of the user's system.

+

See the Intro to Filesystems page for more +details on what a link is.

+

A limitation of a link is that it must reference a file/inode +within the same filesystem or device. When a request is made to the +operating system to link (or rename) a file to a target location +the OS will first check if the source and target are the same +filesystem / device. If not it will return the error EXDEV meaning +that the request is not able to be made due to the result being "cross +device".

+

What catches many users off guard is that this "cross device" check is +not very deep or involved. Even the same filesystem bind mounted to +another location will typically be considered a different device. So +when mergerfs is creating a union of other filesystems there is no way +to link or rename from one of the underlying branches into +mergerfs. They are different filesystems even if logically they seem +related or the same. And similarly it is impossible for mergerfs to +truly make a link between two branches which are not in fact the same +mounted filesystem.

+

This is relevant to mergerfs users because bind mounts are very common +when using container runtimes such as Docker, Podman, or +Kubernetes. When you add a volume or mount to your container that is +in fact a bind mount of that path. Meaning if you were to add +/mnt/mergerfs/downloads and /mnt/mergerfs/movies as separate +mounts into your container any request to link between the two +locations within the container will fail with the EXDEV error even +though it will work perfectly fine on the host. If you wish for link +and rename to work you MUST mount into the container a point in +the directory structure above what you wish to use. In this case +/mnt/mergerfs.

+

Another situation where people will hit unexpected EXDEV errors is +when they use a policy which makes file creation decisions based on +existing paths. If the source of a link or rename is on branch A +but the target directory is on branch B, given the whole point of the +policy is to strictly enforce behavior based on what branches already +exist, it must return EXDEV. Doing otherwise would fundamentally +break the purpose of the policy. Read rename & +link for more details on how mergerfs +handles those two functions.

+

When in doubt it is trivial to test link:

+
$ cd /mnt/mergerfs/
+$ touch foo
+$ ln -v foo bar
+'bar' => 'foo'
+$ stat foo bar | grep Inode
+Device: 0,173   Inode: 123456  Links: 2
+Device: 0,173   Inode: 123456  Links: 2
+
+

For the more technical: within mergerfs the inode of a file is not +necessarily indicative of two file names linking to the same +underlying data. For more details as to why that is see the docs on +inodecalc.

+

Are there any size limitations to files, directories, etc.?

+

Whatever the limits are of the underlying filesystems.

+ +

Unfortunately not. FUSE, the technology mergerfs is based on, does not +support the clone_file_range feature needed for it to work. mergerfs +won't even know such a request is made. The kernel will simply return +an error back to the application making the request.

+

Should FUSE gain the ability mergerfs will be updated to support it.

+

That said: mergerfs itself will attempt to use FICLONE when copying +data between files in the limited cases where it copies/moves files.

+

How does mergerfs handle moving and copying of files?

+

This is a very common mistaken assumption regarding how filesystems +work. There is no such thing as "move" or "copy." These concepts are +high level behaviors made up of numerous independent steps and not +individual filesystem functions.

+

A "move" can include a "copy" so lets describe copy first.

+

When an application copies a file from "source" to "destination" it +can do so in a number of ways but the basics are the following.

+
    +
  1. open the source file.
    2. +
  2. create the destination file.
    3. +
  3. read a chunk of data from source and write to + destination. Continue till it runs out of data to copy.
    4. +
  4. Copy file metadata (stat) such as ownership (chown), + permissions (chmod), timestamps (utimes), extended attributes + (getxattr, setxattr), etc.
    5. +
  5. close source and destination files.
    6. +
+

"move" is typically a rename(src,dst) and if that errors with +EXDEV (meaning the source and destination are on different +filesystems) the application will "copy" the file as described above +and then it removes (unlink) the source.

+

The rename(src,dst), open(src), create(dst), data copying, +metadata copying, unlink(src), etc. are entirely distinct and +separate events. There is really no practical way to know that what is +ultimately occurring is the "copying" of a file or what the source +file would be. Since the source is not known there is no way to know +how large a created file is destined to become. This is why it is +impossible for mergerfs to choose the branch for a create based on +file size. The only context provided when a file is created, besides +the name, is the permissions, if it is to be read and/or written, and +some low level settings for the operating system.

+

All of this means that mergerfs can not make decisions when a file is +created based on file size or the source of the data. That information +is simply not available. At best mergerfs could respond to files +reaching a certain size when writing data, a file is closed, or +renamed.

+

Related: if a user wished to have mergerfs perform certain activities +based on the name of a file it is common and even best practice for a +program to write to a temporary file first and then rename to its +final destination. That temporary file name will typically be random +and have no indication of the type of file being written. At best +something could be done on rename.

+

Additional reading: Intro to Filesystems: +Workflows

+

Why does the total available space in mergerfs not equal outside?

+

Are you using ext2/3/4? With reserve for root? mergerfs uses available +space for statfs calculations. If you've reserved space for root then +it won't show up.

+

You can remove the reserve by running: tune2fs -m 0 <device>

+

I notice massive slowdowns of writes when enabling cache.files.

+

When file caching is enabled in any form (cache.files!=off) it may +issue getxattr requests for security.capability prior to every +single write. This will usually result in performance degradation, +especially when using a network filesystem (such as NFS or SMB.) +Unfortunately at this moment, the kernel is not caching the response.

+

To work around this situation mergerfs offers a few solutions.

+
    +
  1. Set security_capability=false. It will short circuit any call and + return ENOATTR. This still means though that mergerfs will + receive the request before every write but at least it doesn't get + passed through to the underlying filesystem.
    2. +
  2. Set xattr=noattr. Same as above but applies to all calls to + getxattr. Not just security.capability. This will not be cached + by the kernel either but mergerfs' runtime config system will still + function.
    3. +
  3. Set xattr=nosys. Results in mergerfs returning ENOSYS which + will be cached by the kernel. No future xattr calls will be + forwarded to mergerfs. The downside is that also means the xattr + based config and query functionality won't work either.
    4. +
  4. Disable file caching. If you aren't using applications which use + mmap it's probably simpler to just disable it altogether. The + kernel won't send the requests when caching is disabled.
    5. +
+

Why use FUSE? Why not a kernel based solution?

+

As with any solution to a problem, there are advantages and +disadvantages to each one.

+

A FUSE based solution has all the downsides of FUSE:

+
    +
  • Higher IO latency due to the trips in and out of kernel space + (though now minimized with passthrough IO)
    • +
  • Higher general overhead due to trips in and out of kernel space
    • +
  • Double caching when using page caching
    • +
  • Misc limitations due to FUSE's design
    • +
+

But FUSE also has a lot of upsides:

+
    +
  • Easier to offer a cross platform solution
    • +
  • Easier forward and backward compatibility
    • +
  • Easier updates for users
    • +
  • Easier and faster release cadence
    • +
  • Allows more flexibility in design and features
    • +
  • Overall easier to write, secure, and maintain
    • +
  • Much lower barrier to entry (getting code into the kernel takes a + lot of time and effort initially)
    • +
+

Is my OS's libfuse needed for mergerfs to work?

+

No. Normally mount.fuse is needed to get mergerfs (or any FUSE +filesystem to mount using the mount command but in vendoring the +libfuse library the mount.fuse app has been renamed to +mount.mergerfs meaning the filesystem type in fstab can simply be +mergerfs. That said there should be no harm in having it installed +and continuing to using fuse.mergerfs as the type in /etc/fstab.

+

If mergerfs doesn't work as a type it could be due to how the +mount.mergerfs tool was installed. Must be in /sbin/ with proper +permissions.

+

Why was splice support removed?

+

After a lot of testing over the years, splicing always appeared to +at best, provide equivalent performance, and in some cases, worse +performance. Splice is not supported on other platforms forcing a +traditional read/write fallback to be provided. The splice code was +removed to simplify the codebase.

+

How does mergerfs handle credentials?

+

mergerfs is a multithreaded application in order to handle requests +from the kernel concurrently. Each FUSE message has a header with +certain details about the request including the process ID (pid) of +the requesting application, the process' effective user id (uid), and +group id (gid).

+

FUSE and the kernel have two ways of managing permissions. A kernel +side default_permissions option and leaving it to the FUSE +server. When default permissions is enabled the kernel will do the +entitlement checks and only allow requests through which should be +allowed according to normal POSIX permissions. When not enabled it is +the responsibility of the FUSE server, in this case mergerfs, to do +whatever is necessary to manage entitlements.

+

Prior to mergerfs v2.42.0 it would enable default_permissions but +also leveraged the uid and gid available in each FUSE request. The +thread actioning the request would change its credentials to match +those of the requesting application to ensure permissions were +properly handled as well as dealing with some quirks of non-POSIX +compatible filesystems. However, this strategy had two major +issues. First, it was not compatible with the new allow-idmap +feature of FUSE which allows a filesystem to advertise it can be used +with id mapping which is often used with containers. Secondly, it +caused permission issues when the kernel would say something was +allowed but due to the way mergerfs was changing creds would +fail. This mostly came in the form of chrooted setups like used in +containers. Neither of these tended to impact casual users but did +break some niche or power user use cases. Since the casual user won't +notice the subtle changes and it would enable new use cases it was +decided that the credential handling would change.

+

As of v2.42.0 mergerfs now runs as root more generally. Either +changing credentials when creating files (Linux) or chown'ing them +after creation (FreeBSD).

+

As a result of this change it is now necessary for the FUSE +default_permissions feature be used for proper entitlements +management. mergerfs does allow it to be disabled but it should only +be done so for debugging purposes.

+

Does mergerfs support idmap?

+

Yes, by setting allow-idmap=true (which is the +default.)

+

Requires that +kernel-permissions-check be +enabled (the default.)

+

What happens if a branch filesystem blocks?

+

POSIX filesystem calls unfortunately are entirely synchronous. If the +underlying filesystem mergerfs is interacting with freezes up or +blocks then the thread issuing the request will block same as any +other piece of software. If enough threads block then mergerfs will +block. There are no timeouts or ways to truly work around this +situation. If mergerfs spawned new threads it is very likely they too +would end up blocked.

+

What information does mergerfs have when making decisions?

+

Every incoming request contains:

+
    +
  • The tid or pid of the calling thread/process
    • +
  • The uid and gid of the calling thread/process
    • +
  • The umask of the calling thread/process
    • +
  • The arguments of the filesystem call in question
    • +
+

Naturally the mergerfs config as well as anything queriable from the +operating system or filesystems are also available.

+

Why does running mount -a result in new instances of mergerfs?

+

See lazy-umount-mountpoint

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Usage and Functionality

+

What should mergerfs NOT be used for?

+
    +
  • Situations where you need large amounts of contiguous space beyond + that available on any singular device. Such as putting 10GiB a file + on 2 6GiB filesystems.
    • +
  • databases: Even if the database stored data in separate files + (mergerfs wouldn't offer much otherwise) the higher latency of the + indirection will harm performance. Though if it is a sqlite3 + database then its likely fine.
    • +
  • VM images: For the same reasons as databases. VM images are accessed + very aggressively and mergerfs will introduce a lot of extra latency.
    • +
  • As replacement for RAID: mergerfs is just for pooling branches. If + you need device performance aggregation or high availability you + should stick with RAID. However, it is fine to put a filesystem + which is on a RAID setup in mergerfs.
    • +
+

However, if using passthrough the +performance related issues above are less likely to be a concern. Best +to do testing for your specific use case.

+

What happens when file paths overlap?

+

It depends on the situation and the configuration of mergerfs. The +user chooses the algorithm (policy) on how to behave when a particular +filesystem function is requested. Which file to select or act on.

+

See how policies work.

+

Is adding or removing mergerfs to/from my setup destructive?

+

No. See +below.

+

Can mergerfs be used with filesystems which already have data?

+

Yes. mergerfs is really just a proxy and does NOT interfere with +the normal form or function of the filesystems, mounts, or paths it +manages. It literally is interacting with your filesystems as any +other application does. It can not do anything that any other random +piece of software can't do. There is no migration needed.

+

mergerfs is not a traditional filesystem that takes control over +the underlying drive, block device, or partition. mergerfs is not +RAID. It does not manipulate the data that passes through it. It +does not shard data across filesystems. It only shards some +behavior and aggregates others.

+

Think of it as a filesystem reverse +proxy.

+

Can mergerfs be removed without affecting the data?

+

Yes. See the previous question's answer.

+

Can filesystems be removed from the pool without affecting them?

+

Yes. See previous question's answer.

+

This is true for planned removal by unmounting mergerfs and changing +the config, changes made to mergerfs at +runtime, umounting of the branch's +filesystem on the fly (whether on purpose or due to error), etc.

+

What happens if a filesystem disappears at runtime?

+

By "disappear" meaning explicitly unmounted or due to an error the OS +removes it.

+

Nothing explicitly happens. mergerfs works on paths, not mounts. If +the branch path still exists mergerfs will treat it the same as it did +before. It just may not have any data there. If the branch no longer +exists it will be ignored. If the OS returns errors then mergerfs will +return those errors where appropriate. See Error Handling and +Logging.

+

Can filesystems be moved to another pool?

+

Yes.

+

Can filesystems be part of multiple pools?

+

Yes.

+

How do I migrate data into or out of the pool when adding/removing filesystems?

+

There is no need to do so. mergerfs is a union filesystem. It works +on top of existing filesystems. It does not replace them. See +the previous questions and answers.

+

How do I remove a filesystem but keep the data in the pool?

+

Nothing special needs to be done. Remove the branch from mergerfs' +config and copy (rsync) the data from the removed filesystem into the +pool. The same as if it were you transferring data from one filesystem +to another.

+

If you wish to continue using the pool with all data available while +performing the transfer simply create a temporary pool without the +branch in question and then copy the data from the branch to the +temporary pool. It would probably be a good idea to set the branch +mode to RO prior to doing this to ensure no new content is written +to the filesystem while performing the copy. However, it is typically +good practice to run rsync or rclone again after the first copy +finishes to ensure nothing is left behind.

+

NOTE: Above recommends to "copy" rather than "move" because you want +to ensure that your data is transferred before wiping the drive or +filesystem.

+

Can filesystems still be used directly? Outside of mergerfs while pooled?

+

Yes, out-of-band +interaction is generally fine. Remember that mergerfs is a userland +application so any interaction with the underlying filesystem is the +same as multiple normal applications interacting. However, it is not +recommended to write to the same file from within the pool and from +without at the same time. Especially if using page caching +(cache.files!=off) or writeback caching +(cache.writeback=true). That said this risk is really not different +from the risk of two applications writing to the same file under +normal conditions.

+

Keep in mind that if out-of-band changes are made while also +leveraging any caching of the filesystem layout such as with +cache.entry, cache.negative-entry, cache.attr, cache.symlinks, +or cache.readdir you may experience temporary inconsistency till the +cache expires. mergerfs is not actively watching all branches for +changes and the kernel will have no way to know anything changed so as +to clear or ignore the cache. This is the same issue you can have with +remote filesystems.

+

What are the performance characteristics of using mergerfs?

+

mergerfs does not stripe or shard data. Instead it acts like a reverse +proxy / multiplexer. As such it is not possible to have RAID like +performance improvements. However, its performance is not limited like +block level concatenation / JBOD / +SPAN.

+
    +
  • Single file / single stream: Max throughput limited to speed of the + chosen underlying branch + FUSE overhead (usually 5–30% slower than + direct access; near native with IO + passthrough).
    • +
  • Aggregate / multi-stream: Can approach sum of all branches' speeds + when many independent IO operations run in parallel (multiple files, + processes, or clients).
    • +
  • Other factors: Latency-sensitive workloads suffer more (slow + branches or network drives hurt responsiveness); directory listing + and metadata ops slower due to combining branches.
    • +
+

Real-world performance varies heavily with workload, kernel, options, +and hardware. See benchmarking and +performance section for testing tips.

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"Why isn't it working?"

+

I modified mergerfs' config but it still behaves the same.

+

mergerfs, like other filesystems, are given their options/arguments at +mount time. You can not simply modify the source of the +configuration and have those settings applied +any more than you would for other filesystems. It is the user's +responsibility to restart mergerfs to pick up +the changes or use the runtime interface.

+

NOTE: the runtime interface is just +for runtime changes. It does NOT save those changed values +anywhere.

+

Why are all my files ending up on 1 filesystem?!

+

Did you start with empty filesystems? Are you using an existing path +policy such as epmfs?

+

If starting with a set of empty filesystems such a policy will select +only 1 filesystem when the first directory is created. Anything +created in that directory will be placed on the same branch because +that is the point of such a policy. That is the expected behavior.

+

This may catch users off guard but the point of those existing path +policies is to preserve the directory layout and you need to consider +what that means one event at a time.

+

To "fix" this situation change the policy. Most users have little +reason +to use such a policy. See the quick start guide +and FAQ for policy recommendations.

+

Why do I get an "out of space" / "no space left on device" / ENOSPC error even though there appears to be lots of space available?

+

One or multiple of the below are likely causing branches to be +filtered out.

+
    +
  • minfreespace could be filtering out + branches
    • +
  • using an ep* policy + and there may not be an available branch
    • +
  • branch modes set to NC or + RO branches will be excluded from consideration
    • +
  • if using ext4 ensure you are not running into reserve limits (use + tune2fs -m 0 to remove the reserve)
    • +
  • it is possible that the filesystem selected by the policy has run + out of inodes (check with df -i)
    • +
+

mergerfs is presenting a union of the content within multiple +branches. The reported free space is an aggregate of space available +within the pool (behavior modified by statfs +and statfs_ignore). It does not +represent a contiguous space. In the same way that read-only +filesystems, those with quotas, or reserved space report the full +theoretical space available but not the practical usable space.

+

Why isn't the create policy working?

+

It probably is. The policies rather straight forward and well tested.

+

First, confirm the policy is configured as expected by using the +runtime interface.

+
$ sudo getfattr -n user.mergerfs.category.create /mnt/mergerfs/.mergerfs
+# file: mnt/mergerfs/.mergerfs
+user.mergerfs.category.create="mfs"
+
+

Second, as discussed in the support section, test the +behavior using simple command line tools such as touch and then see +where it was created.

+
$ sudo touch /mnt/mergerfs/new-file
+$ sudo getfattr -n user.mergerfs.allpaths /mnt/mergerfs/new-file
+# file: mnt/mergerfs/new-file
+user.mergerfs.allpaths="/mnt/hdd/drive1/new-file"
+
+

If the location of the file is where it should be according to the +state of the system at the time and the policy selected then the +"problem" lies elsewhere.

+

Keep in +mind +that files, when created, have no size. If a number of files are +created at the same time, for example by a program downloading +numerous files like a BitTorrent client, then depending on the policy +the files could be created on the same branch. As the files are +written to, or resized immediately afterwards to the total size of the +file being downloaded, the files will take up more space but there is +no mechanism to move them as they grow. Nor would it be a good idea to +do so as it would be expensive to continuously calculate their size +and perform the move while the file is still being written to. As such +an imbalance will occur that wouldn't if the files had been created +and resized one at a time.

+

If you wish to reduce the likelihood of this happening a policy that +does not make decisions on available space alone such as pfrd or +rand should be used.

+

Why can't I see my files / directories?

+

It's almost always a permissions issue. Unlike mhddfs and +unionfs-fuse, which accesses content as root, mergerfs always changes +its credentials to that of the caller. This is done as it is the only +properly secure way to manage permissions. This means that if the user +does not have access to a file or directory than neither will +mergerfs. However, because mergerfs is creating a union of paths it +may be able to read some files and directories on one filesystem but +not another resulting in an incomplete set. And if one of the branches +it can access is empty then it will return an empty list.

+

Try using mergerfs.fsck +tool to check for and fix inconsistencies in permissions. If you +aren't seeing anything at all be sure that the basic permissions are +correct. The user and group values are correct and that directories +have their executable bit set. A common mistake by users new to Linux +is to chmod -R 644 when they should have chmod -R u=rwX,go=rX.

+

If using a network filesystem such as NFS +or SMB (Samba) be sure to pay close attention to anything regarding +permissioning and users. Root squashing and user translation for +instance has bitten a few mergerfs users. Some of these also affect +the use of mergerfs from container platforms such as +Docker.

+ +

mergerfs fully supports rename and link functions to the degree that +is possible in a union filesystem. Problems related to rename and link +are almost exclusively due to incorrect setup of software or poorly +written software.

+

Docker, Podman, and other container runtimes

+

Keep in mind that rename and link will +NOT work across devices. That includes between the original +filesystem and a mergerfs pool, between two separate pools of the same +underlying filesystems, or bind mounts of paths within the mergerfs +pool. The latter is common when using Docker, Podman, or other +container runtimes. Multiple volumes (bind mounts) to the same +underlying filesystem are considered different devices. There is no +way to link or rename between them despite them binding to the same +underlying filesystem. Neither mergerfs or any other filesystem has a +say in this behavior as the kernel is erroring out before the request +even gets to the filesystems in question.

+

To work around this situation the highest directory in the mergerfs +pool that includes all the paths you need is what should be bind'ed +into the container if you want links and rename to work between the +paths in question.

+

This is a common problem for users of Radarr, Sonarr, Lidarr, +etc. when they use the default volume mount options suggested by +projects like +LinuxServer.io. Do +not use separate "movies" and "downloads" volumes.

+
# NO
+volumes:
+  - /mnt/pool/movies:/movies
+  - /mnt/pool/downloads:/downloads
+
+# YES
+volumes:
+  - /mnt/pool:/media
+# Then use /media/movies and /media/downloads in your software.
+
+

Path-Preserving Create Policies

+

As described in the rename and link +docs if a path-preserving create +policy is configured +then mergerfs, in order to follow that restrictive policy, must return +an error +(EXDEV) if the +target path of a rename or link is not found on the target branch.

+
EXDEV  oldpath and newpath are not on the same mounted filesystem.
+       (Linux permits a filesystem to be mounted at multiple
+       points, but rename() does not work across different mount
+       points, even if the same filesystem is mounted on both.)
+
+

Most +users +do not have a need for path-preserving policies but if you intend on +using path-preserving policies you must accept that EXDEV errors are +more likely to occur. You could enable +ignorepponrename however doing so would +contradict the intention of using a path restrictive policy.

+

Poorly written software

+

There are some pieces of software that do not properly handle EXDEV +errors which rename and link may return even though they are +perfectly valid situations and do not indicate actual device, +filesystem, or OS problems. The error will rarely be returned by +mergerfs if using a non-path preserving +policy however there are +edge cases where it may (such as mounting another filesystem into the +mergerfs pool.) If you do not care about path preservation set the +mergerfs policy to the non-path preserving variant. For example: -o +category.create=pfrd. Ideally the offending software would be fixed +and it is recommended that if you run into this problem you contact +the software's author and request proper handling of EXDEV errors.

+

Additional Reading

+ +

Why is software needing mmap failing?

+

See Known Issues and Bugs#3rd Party +Software and +QuickStart.

+

Why don't quick scans fail to pick up new media?

+

Media consumption software like Plex, Jellyfin, Emby, Airsonic, +Navidrome, etc. will use timestamps of directories to see if it should +be scanned. Be sure to set func.getattr=newest to catch that.

+

A full scan would still pick up all media and for those concerned +about device activity it is recommened to disable quick scans and +leave periodic full scans so the activity is managed. Or to configure +your software which manages downloads (such as *Arr family of +software) to trigger specific scans when files are added to the pool.

+

Additional reading:

+ +

Why don't I see mergerfs options in mount command or /proc/mounts?

+

FUSE filesystems, such as mergerfs, are interpreting most of the +possible options rather than being given to the kernel where those +options in the mount command and /proc/mounts come from.

+

If you want to see the options of a running instance of mergerfs you +can use the runtime interface.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e7eb7964 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2555 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + mergerfs - a featureful union filesystem - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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mergerfs - a featureful union filesystem

+

mergerfs is a union +filesystem that makes +multiple filesystems and/or directories appear as a single unified +directory. mergerfs is designed to simplify how you manage files +across multiple independent filesystems without the complexity, +fragility, or cost of RAID or similar storage aggregation +technologies.

+

mergerfs as a smart pooling layer allows you to combine any number of +existing +filesystems; +whether they are on hard drives, SSDs, network shares, or other +mounted storage; into what looks like one large filesystem, while +still maintaining direct access to each individual filesystem. Unlike +RAID, there's no rebuild process if a device fails. You only lose +those files that were on that specific filesystem. You can also add or +remove filesystems at any time without restructuring the pool.

+

mergerfs excels at cost-effective storage expansion, making it ideal +for media libraries, backups, archival data, and other write-sometimes, +read-often workloads where you need lots of space but don't want +the overhead of traditional storage aggregation technologies.

+

Key advantages:

+
    +
  • Non-destructive adding and removing of filesystems (even at runtime)
    • +
  • Mix and match filesystems of any size, + type, + or underlying + device
    • +
  • No parity calculations or rebuild times
    • +
  • Does not require hard drives to be spinning if not in use
    • +
  • Direct access to files on individual filesystems when needed
    • +
  • Flexible policies for controlling where new files are created
    • +
+

For users seeking alternatives to mhddfs, unionfs, aufs, or DrivePool, +mergerfs offers a mature, actively maintained solution with extensive +configuration options and documentation. See the project comparisons +for more details.

+

Features

+
    +
  • Logically combine numerous filesystems/paths into a single + mount point (JBOFS: Just a Bunch of FileSystems, think filesystem + reverse proxy)
    • +
  • Combine paths of the same or different filesystems
    • +
  • Ability to add or remove filesystems/paths without impacting the + rest of the data
    • +
  • Unaffected by individual filesystem failure
    • +
  • Configurable file creation placement
    • +
  • File IO passthrough for near native IO + performance (where supported)
    • +
  • Works with filesystems of any size
    • +
  • Works with filesystems of almost any + type
    • +
  • Ignore read-only filesystems when creating files
    • +
  • Hard links
    • +
  • Hard link copy-on-write / CoW
    • +
  • Runtime configurability
    • +
  • Support for extended attributes (xattrs)
    • +
  • Support for file attributes (chattr)
    • +
  • Support for POSIX ACLs
    • +
+

Non-features

+
    +
  • RAID like redundancy (see SnapRAID and + NonRAID)
    • +
  • RAID like performance improvements
    • +
  • LVM/RAID style block device aggregation
    • +
  • Data integrity checks, snapshots, file versioning
    • +
  • Read/write overlays on top of read-only filesystems (like OverlayFS)
    • +
  • File whiteout
    • +
  • Splitting of files across branches
    • +
  • Active rebalancing of content
    • +
  • Actively attempt to keep hard drives spun down
    • +
+

How it works

+

mergerfs logically merges multiple filesystem paths together. Not +block devices, not filesystem mounts, just paths. It acts as a proxy +to the underlying filesystem. Combining the behaviors of some +functions and being a selector for others.

+

When the contents of a directory are requested mergerfs combines the +list of files from each directory, deduplicating entries, and returns +that list.

+

When a file or directory is created a policy is first run to determine +which branch will be selected for the creation.

+

For functions which change attributes or remove the file the behavior +may be applied to all instances found.

+

The way in which mergerfs behaves is controlled by the +config / options / settings. More specifically by +policies.

+

Visualization

+
A         +      B        =       C
+/disk1           /disk2           /merged
+|                |                |
++-- /dir1        +-- /dir1        +-- /dir1
+|   |            |   |            |   |
+|   +-- file1    |   |            |   +-- file1
+|                |   +-- file2    |   +-- file2
+|                |   +-- file3    |   +-- file3
+|                |                |
++-- /dir2        |                +-- /dir2
+|   |            |                |   |
+|   +-- file4    |                |   +-- file4
+|                |                |
+|                +-- /dir3        +-- /dir3
+|                |   |            |   |
+|                |   +-- file5    |   +-- file5
+|                |                |
++-- file6        |                +-- file6
++-- file7        +-- file7        +-- file7
+
+

Getting Started

+

Head to the quick start guide.

+

About This Documentation

+
    +
  • Like the software the documentation changes over time. Ensure that + you are reading the documentation related to the version of the + software you are using.
    • +
  • The documentation is explicit, literal, and reasonably thorough. If + a suspected feature is not mentioned it does not exist. Do not read + into the wording. What is described is how it functions. If you feel + like something is not explained sufficiently or missing please ask + in one of the supported forums + and the docs will be updated.
    • +
  • The search feature of MkDocs is not great. Searching for "literal + strings" will generally not work. Alternative solutions are being + investigated.
    • +
  • While not intended for end users nor completely accurate some might + find the AI generated docs at https://deepwiki.com/trapexit/mergerfs + interesting or useful.
    • +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/intro_to_filesystems/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/intro_to_filesystems/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6c09ec6e --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/intro_to_filesystems/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2970 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Intro to Filesystems - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Intro to Filesystems

+

!! WORK IN PROGRESS !!

+

mergerfs is a union filesystem that manages other filesystems. To +understand how mergerfs works and what the features do and mean you +must understand at least the basics of how filesystems work. Much of +the confusion with mergerfs is based in a lack of knowledge about +filesystems. This section of the documentation is provide a primer for +those needing that knowledge.

+

Terminology

+
    +
  • filesystem: A method, + data structures, and API used to organize and store files on + computer storage devices. Often in a tree like structure / hierarchy.
    • +
  • file: A named + collection of data stored as a unique object. Filesystems can have + numerous file types and "file" can be used to reference any of those + types or a "regular" file.
    • +
  • regular file: A file as commonly understood as a named collection of data.
    • +
  • directory: A + container which holds files and, typically, other directories. In + Unix/Linux/POSIX filesystems a directory is technically also a file.
    • +
  • root filesystem: The primary filesystem for which other filesystems + within a system are mounted.
    • +
  • root directory: The + top-level directory in POSIX and POSIX-like filesystems. Denoted by + "/".
    • +
  • path: The location + of a file within a filesystem hierarchy.
    • +
  • inode: A unique integer + identifier for a file. Like a primary key. Also used to refer to the + underlying data structure which stores metadata about the file.
    • +
  • link: A reference to an + inode in the form of a name. An inode may have 0 to N links.
    • +
  • symlink: A file type + which stores data that may, but is not required to, be a path to + another file.
    • +
  • device id: A runtime, unique identification value assigned to a + filesystem.
    • +
  • mount + point: + The directory where a filesystem is "mounted" or presented within a + directory hierarchy.
    • +
  • permissions: + Access rights for files.
    • +
  • owner: System user + which has rights to a file.
    • +
  • file descriptor: A + handle used by software, provided by the operating system, to + reference open files.
    • +
  • mmap: A way to abstract access + to a file by making it appear as a region of memory.
    • +
+

Files

+

In POSIX filesystems there are several types of files. Interacting +with them is often similar but they offer different capabilities.

+

Types

+
    +
  • regular: The typical file type. An array of data which can be + randomly accessed.
    • +
  • directory: A container which holds other files including other + directories allowing for a tree like layout.
    • +
  • symlink: A special file which can store a limited amount of data, + typically a file path, which may be transparently interpreted by + some filesystem functions as a path. symlinks do not need to be a + valid path or a path at all. They can be used as a key/value like + storage mechanism for instance.
    • +
  • character device: A special file typically representing some + physical or logical hardware device offering, typically, an + unbuffered byte stream based interface.
    • +
  • block device: A special file which represents a physical or logical + hardware device (typically storage) allowing for buffered, + fixed-size blocks data transfers.
    • +
  • fifo: Also referred to as a "named pipe." A FIFO, First In, First + Out, is a special file which acts as a non-persistent, + unidirectional conduit for data.
    • +
  • unix domain socket: Also referred to as a "local socket" or "IPC + socket" a "UDS" works similar to a FIFO but bidirectional and + offering more features similar to TCP/IP or UDP/IP but local to the + system.
    • +
+

inodes

+

The inode in practical terms is the file within a POSIX +filesystem. It is, typically, a unique identifier within a filesystem +similar to a primary key, represented as a 32 or 64bit integer, which +is what the typical user imagines as the file and its metadata +(ownership, permissions, type, internal filesystem details, etc.).

+

"typically unique" because some filesystems, such as FUSE based ones, +may reuse an inode value for multiple logical files despite them being +separate entities in the traditional sense. From the user's +perspective multiple files may have the same inode but as mentioned +above the inode is the true reference for a file and the "file" people +interact with is really a link (see below.)

+ +

To make inodes more useful and accessible POSIX filesystems provide +"links". A link (or sometimes referred to as "hardlink") is a file +name which references an inode. A single inode can be referenced by +multiple links (except for directories typically.) If the number of +links to an inode reach zero, and no programs have the inode actively +in use, the filesystem will logically remove the inode/file.

+

When a regular file is first created think of it as the filesystem +first creating the underlying structure, assigning an inode, then +creating a link (name) for it in one shot. When a file is "link"ed to +in the future a new "link" / "name" is being created and referencing +the source file which will then cause the "nlink" value within the +inode, which holds a reference count of the number of links/names that +inode has, to be increased by 1. This is why deleting a file is +referred to as an "unlink". Technically you are requesting the removal +of the "link" and once all the links to a file are removed/unlinked, +and the file is not in active use, the filesystem will then logically +remove the file.

+

Knowing the details above the API for POSIX filesystems is a little +odd in that the programmer does not first create an inode then a +link. Instead that is done together with no way to do the former alone +despite being able to add additional links afterwards. Modern Linux +filesystems do allow for this using the +O_TMPFILE +flag. Since there is no link on creation should the program which +created the file then release the handle on that file the filesystem +would see it has no references and remove it. To keep the temporary +file around the program must explicitly create a link.

+

permissions

+

File permissions are a security mechanism and apply to all files and +directories. They, in combination with ownership information, dictate +who is allowed to read, write, and execute a file (as well as some +other niche allowances and behaviors.)

+

While there are more advanced and complicated forms of permissioning +the traditional POSIX permissions come in the form of 3 sets of 3 +permissions (the read, write, and execute.) One set for the individual +user owner of the file, one for the group owner, and one for "others".

+

Execute in POSIX systems indicates that a regular file is a piece of +software and can be run (like a Windows ".exe" file) and for +directories means you are allowed to list the contents. A directory +can be marked as "read" and not "executable" to allow users to access +content within the directory but not list it in a soft form of +security through obscurity. You must know the path and name of the +file to read it and can not simply search for it.

+

ownership

+

Each file has 2 owner values. The individual user identifier and the +group identifier. These values are the raw integer value known to the +kernel and not the human readable user name or group name most people +typically use. In fact the kernel has no awareness of the human +readable identifiers. Those are managed entirely by userspace. This is +why if you mount a filesystem on a different system with different +users tools like ls may report different user names or only show +integer values for owners because the value stored in the inode is +"1000" and the name associated with integer 1000 on system A is +different from system B (or may not exist at all.)

+

timestamps

+
    +
  • mtime: The time the file data was last modified. Can be explicitly modified.
    • +
  • ctime: The time the file metadata was last modified. Can not be modified.
    • +
  • atime: The time the file was last accessed. Note that Linux + generally uses a heuristic to update atime so that it does not in + fact have to write to the filesystem every time a file is + accessed. Can be explicitly modified.
    • +
  • btime: The "birth" time of the file. Only available in certain + filesystems and via a newer system call. Can not be modified.
    • +
+

Functions

+
    +
  • open():
    • +
  • creat():
    • +
  • close():
    • +
  • opendir():
    • +
  • readdir():
    • +
  • closedir():
    • +
  • mkdir():
    • +
  • link():
    • +
  • unlink():
    • +
  • symlink():
    • +
  • rename():
    • +
  • read():
    • +
  • write():
    • +
  • lseek():
    • +
  • tell():
    • +
  • stat():
    • +
+

Workflows

+

Filesystems tend to be +misunderstood. A +number of behaviors users are familiar with are actually high level +concepts which are made up of numerous steps/functions. As a result +high level context that users expect to be available to mergerfs when +certain actions are taken and decisions made are in fact not +available. Below are explanations of a number of those situations.

+

Creating a file

+

Creating a +file can range from a single call to a semi-complex procedure +depending on the requirements and expectations of the calling +application.

+

Most important to understand is that when a file is created there is +very limited information needed / provided. The file path, some flags +to control a bit how the file is created and if it is to be for +reading and/or writing, and the permissions. mergerfs knows a bit more +details like which user id is making the request and from what process +but that is all the data immediately available. There is no size. The +initial size is always zero. Any data that may be written to the file +would come in the future via other function calls. The source of that +data is completely unknown.

+

Keep in mind that while there exists this ability to create a file in +a single call to the operating system that call has numerous +aspects which my be exploitable by malicious software.

+

If software wishes to create a file in more secure manner it must do +some form of the following.

+
    +
  1. Attempt to open the directory where you wish to create the file.
    2. +
  2. If that succeeds check the directory to ensure it is the directory +you expect it to be. Checking ownership, permissions, perhaps +existence of other files, the filesystem, etc.
    3. +
  3. Using the handle to the directory, attempt to open the file using a +flag which make the open fail should a file name/link already exist +with that same name. Also set the permissions to the absolute minimum +possible to ensure no interference from others.
    4. +
  4. If it succeeds then continue on with whatever you had planned. If +it fails try to unlink the unexpected file and try again at step 3. If +it fails multiple times then something is suspicious and the program +should stop trying to create the file and report an error.
    5. +
+

The above can be made even more involved as you will see below.

+

Reading or writing to a file

+

To write:

+
    +
  1. Assuming the file is already created/opened...
    2. +
  2. Allocate memory to hold a portion of the data.
    3. +
  3. Fill the memory with the data to write from wherever it may come + from. Another file, network, programmatically generated, etc.
    4. +
  4. Call write() function on the open file pointing to the memory to + write and how much to write.
    5. +
  5. The kernel will take the request and attempt it. On success it will + report back to the program how much was written from 1 byte to the + amount requested. A write of fewer than the requested amount is + called a short write.
    6. +
  6. If a short write occurred the program must then adjust the data to + ensure it doesn't write the same data again and lower the amount to + write by the previously written amount and attempt another + write. Continuing this till there is nothing left to write. A short + write could also mean that the filesystem has no more available + space and following write requests may fail completely.
    7. +
  7. Go back to step 2 or 3 and do it all again with any additional data + to write.
    8. +
  8. If at any time there is an error it may be necessary to query the + size of the file or other details to know how to continue depending + on the needs of the program.
    9. +
+

Reading is similar and short reads are also possible.

+

Copying a file

+

The "proper" way to copy a file is quite involved.

+
    +
  1. Open the source file. Do so with certain flags to ensure it is the + type of file you expect. You may also need to perform a similar + "open directory, check things out, then open file" workflow as + mentioned above for security purposes.
    2. +
  2. stat the file to get its metadata such as the file size, + timestamps, etc.
    3. +
  3. Securely open a file as described previously. The name of the file + should not be that of the destination but a temporary file name + with some amount of randomness. Often also making it "hidden" by + prepending a "." to it.
    4. +
  4. In a loop read data from the source file and write it to the + temporary file as described above. There are some platform specific + ways to copy the data which may be tried first such as + FICLONE/reflink which takes advantage of CoW (copy-on-write) + filesystem features. Falling back to the read then write loop if + necessary.
    5. +
  5. Request a list of all the extended attribute keys from the source + file and one by one query the value. For each key value pair + attempt to write it to the destination file.
    6. +
  6. Request file attributes from the source file and write them to the + destination file but first filtering out flags such as "immutable" + as that would make it impossible to make further changes.
    7. +
  7. Using the details captured in step 2 change the ownership to the + destination file to match the source.
    8. +
  8. Using the details captured in step 2 change the permissions (mode) + of the destination file to match the source.
    9. +
  9. Using the details captured in step 2 change the mtime and atime of + the destination to match the source.
    10. +
  10. Query the source file's metadata again as in step 2. Using those + details as well as those from step 2 check the source file to see + if it may have changed since the copy procedure started. If it had + determine the changes and go back to step 4. Perhaps unlinking the + temporary file and going back to step 2.
    11. +
  11. Ensure the data and metadata are flushed to the storage device by + calling appropriate sync functions.
    12. +
  12. rename the file from the temporary name to the destination name.
    13. +
  13. If the file had a special flag such as the immutable attribute set + then set such attribute.
    14. +
  14. Close the destination and source files.
    15. +
+

There can be additional steps too depending on the platform, available +features, and safety concerns. For instance it might be possible to +put a lock or lease on the source file to limit possibility of +changes while the copy occurs.

+

Moving a file

+

The moving of a file is similar to copying a file.

+
    +
  1. Attempt a rename between source and destination. If it succeeds, + done. Note that the rename itself may require setup similar to + securely opening or creating a file. IE... requiring the opening of + the source and destination directories, confirming they are what is + expected, then issuing the actual rename.
    2. +
  2. If it fails... perform a copy of the file as described above.
    3. +
  3. After the rename and close'ing of the copy unlink the source + file.
    4. +
+

Summary

+

As seen in the above descriptions these high level concepts users +perceive are in fact involved sets of steps with loops and conditional +behaviors. All leveraging low level functions which alone have very +little context. For instance: there is no practical way of knowing a +file is being copied or from where. There is no way to decide at +creation time what to do based on size because its size doesn't exist +yet. Even making a decision based on the destination file name is +complicated by the fact that "well written" software will create +randomly named temporary files and then rename the file. Only at +rename would you know the name as the end user chose and at that +point it may be too late.

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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/known_issues_bugs/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/known_issues_bugs/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2afbe251 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/known_issues_bugs/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,3080 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Known Issues and Bugs - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Known Issues and Bugs

+

mergerfs

+

FreeBSD version

+
    +
  • https://wiki.freebsd.org/FUSEFS
    • +
  • FreeBSD does not have per thread credentials nor Linux capabilities + like abilities meaning it runs as root and has to create files as + root then chown them rather than changing credentials and creating + the file as the uid:gid.
    • +
  • FreeBSD does not have getdents like APIs for reading + directories. As a result it uses traditional readdir.
    • +
  • FreeBSD's FUSE implementation is lacking many features of the Linux + version.
      +
    • runtime interface
      • +
    • ioctl support
      • +
    • IO passthrough
      • +
    • statx
      • +
    • lazy umount
      • +
    • oom_score_adj
      • +
    • fuse-msg-size
      • +
    • kernel symlink caching
      • +
    • kernel readdir caching
      • +
    • writeback caching
      • +
    • idmap
      • +
    • ...
      • +
    +
    • +
+

Host vs Container identity

+

While not a bug some users have found when using containers that +supplemental groups defined inside the container don't work as +expected. Since mergerfs (typically) lives outside the container it is +querying the host's supplemental group database. Containers have their +own user and group definitions unless setup otherwise just as +different systems would.

+

Users should mount in the host group file into the containers or use a +standard shared user and groups technology like NIS or LDAP.

+

If using Docker or Podman containers with mergerfs running outside +then you can pass in /etc/passwd and /etc/group.

+
docker run \
+  -v /etc/passwd:/etc/passwd:ro \
+  -v /etc/group:/etc/group:ro \
+  -u $(id -u):$(id -g) \
+  -v /data:/data \
+  containerimage
+
+

directory mtime is not being updated

+

Remember that the default policy for getattr is ff. The +information for the first directory found will be returned. If it +wasn't the directory which had been updated then it will appear +outdated.

+

The reason this is the default is because any other policy would be +more expensive and for many applications it is unnecessary. To always +return the directory with the most recent mtime or a faked value based +on all found would require a scan of all filesystems.

+

If you always want the directory information from the one with the +most recent mtime then use the newest policy for getattr.

+

'mv /mnt/pool/foo /mnt/disk1/foo' removes 'foo'

+

This is not a bug.

+

Run in verbose mode to better understand what's happening:

+
$ mv -v /mnt/pool/foo /mnt/disk1/foo
+copied '/mnt/pool/foo' -> '/mnt/disk1/foo'
+removed '/mnt/pool/foo'
+$ ls /mnt/pool/foo
+ls: cannot access '/mnt/pool/foo': No such file or directory
+
+

mv, when working across devices, is copying the source to target and +then removing the source. Since the source is the target in this +case, depending on the unlink policy, it will remove the just copied +file and other files across the branches.

+

If you want to move files to one filesystem just copy them there and +use mergerfs.dedup to clean up the old paths or manually remove them +from the branches directly.

+

cached memory appears greater than it should be

+

Use cache.files=off and/or dropcacheonclose=true. See the section +on page caching.

+

3rd Party Software

+

Software using mmap

+
    +
  • software using sqlite3 w/ mmap
      +
    • Plex (for config, not media)
      • +
    • Jellyfin (for config, not media)
      • +
    • Emby (for config, not media)
      • +
    • Radarr
      • +
    • Sonarr
      • +
    • Lidarr
      • +
    +
    • +
  • other
      +
    • rtorrent
      • +
    • qbittorrent (with 'Disk IO type = Memory mapped files')
      • +
    +
    • +
+

mmap is a filesystem and +operating system feature allowing files to be interacted with as if it +was normal memory. Support for mmap is required by a number of +projects. FUSE (and therefore mergerfs), in order to support mmap, +requires page caching to be enabled. IE +cache.files must not be set to off (if using Linux before v6.6 or +mergerfs before v2.41.0.) In newer versions of mergerfs and Linux +off will work as it can now auto enable page caching (and therefore +mmap) as needed.

+

When mmap is needed but not available you may see ENODEV or No +such device errors though it will depend on the particular software.

+

Details on enabling mmap can be found at:

+ +

That said it is recommended that config and runtime files be stored on +SSDs on a regular filesystem for performance reasons. See What should +mergerfs NOT be used +for?. Though +with passthrough.io enabled that is less +of a concern.

+

Technically sqlite3 does not require mmap, and in fact the +default is not to use it, but many programs enable the feature and +provide no error handling when not supported. Ideally the software +would catch the error and use traditional IO instead. Not only is it +more compatible but could also be more performant in certain +situations.

+

qbittorrent

+

Same mmap concerns as mentioned above but called out specifically +due to regularity of queries.

+

The default "Disk IO type" setting is "Memory mapped files" which +means it requires mmap support.

+

If qbittorrent errors when using mergerfs ensure that either "Disk IO +type" is set to "POSIX-compliant" or "Simple pread/pwrite"; or setup +mergerfs to support mmap.

+

References:

+ +

rsync

+

This isn't specific to mergerfs but when using --sparse, -S option +with rsync the block size used to read and write data changes from +256KiB to 1KiB. This significantly impacts performance.

+

backup software

+

Some software, like borgbackup and others, leverage inodes as one of a +number of metrics to notice changes in files. Depending on how inode +generation is configured it is possible that the +same file may have different inodes one mount to another and as such +interfere with the expected stability of the value. In such cases you +may need to disable the use of the inode in the software if possible +or change the inodecalc setting if possible.

+

Generally speaking, in modern setups where there are many non-fully +compliant POSIX filesystems in use, reliance on inode to have a +specific meaning is not always reasonable. FUSE, for instance, has no +requirement that inode values need to be unique or that two files that +happen to be the same underlying file have the same inode.

+

NFS clients returning ESTALE / Stale file handle

+

NFS generally does not like out of band changes. Take a look at the +section on NFS in the remote-filesystems for +more details.

+

my 32bit software has problems

+

Some software have problems with 64bit inode values. The symptoms can +include EOVERFLOW errors when trying to list files. You can address +this by setting inodecalc to one of the 32bit based algos as +described in the relevant section.

+

Moving files and directories fails with Samba

+

Workaround: Copy the file/directory and then remove the original +rather than move.

+

This isn't an issue with Samba but some SMB clients. GVFS-fuse v1.20.3 +and prior (found in Ubuntu 14.04 among others) failed to handle +certain error codes correctly. Particularly STATUS_NOT_SAME_DEVICE +which comes from the EXDEV that is returned by rename when the +call is crossing mount points. When a program gets an EXDEV it needs +to explicitly take an alternate action to accomplish its goal. In the +case of mv or similar it tries rename and on EXDEV falls back to +a copying the file to the destination and deleting the source. In +these older versions of GVFS-fuse if it received EXDEV it would +translate that into EIO. This would cause mv or most any +application attempting to move files around on that SMB share to fail +with a generic IO error.

+

GVFS-fuse v1.22.0 +and above fixed this issue but a large number of systems use the older +release. On Ubuntu, the version can be checked by issuing apt-cache +showpkg gvfs-fuse. Most distros released in 2015 seem to have the +updated release and will work fine but older systems may +not. Upgrading gvfs-fuse or the distro in general will address the +problem.

+

In Apple's MacOSX 10.9 they replaced Samba (client and server) with +their own product. It appears their new client does not handle +EXDEV either and responds similarly to older releases of gvfs on +Linux.

+

Trashing files occasionally fails

+

This is the same issue as with Samba. rename returns EXDEV (in our +case that will really only happen with path preserving policies like +epmfs) and the software doesn't handle the situation well. This is +unfortunately a common failure of software which moves files +around. The standard indicates that an implementation MAY choose +to support non-user home directory trashing of files (which is a +MUST). The implementation MAY also support "top directory +trashes" which many probably do.

+

To create a $topdir/.Trash directory as defined in the standard use +the mergerfs-tools tool +mergerfs.mktrash.

+

FUSE and Linux kernel

+

There have been a number of kernel issues / bugs over the years which +mergerfs users have run into. Here is a list of them for reference and +posterity.

+

NFS and EIO errors

+

https://lore.kernel.org/linux-fsdevel/20240228160213.1988854-1-mszeredi@redhat.com/T/

+

Over the years some users have reported that while exporting mergerfs +via NFS, after significant filesystem activity, not only will the NFS +client start returning ESTALE and EIO errors but mergerfs itself would +start returning EIO errors. The problem was that no one could +reliability reproduce the issue. After a string of reports in late +2023 and early 2024 more investigation was done.

+

In Linux 5.14 new validation was put into FUSE which caught a few +invalid situations and would tag a FUSE node as invalid if a check +failed. Such checks include invalid file type, changing of type from +one request to another, a size greater than 63bit, and the generation +of a inode changing while in use.

+

What happened was that mergerfs was using a different fixed, non-zero +value for the generation of all nodes as it was suggested that unique +inode + generation pairs are needed for proper integration with +NFS. That non-zero value was being sent back to the kernel when a +lookup request was made for root. The reason this was hard to track +down was because NFS almost uniquely uses an API which can lead to a +lookup of the root node that simply won't happen under normal +workloads and usage. And that lookup will only happen if child nodes +of the root were forgotten but NFS still had a handle to that node and +later asked for details about it. It would trigger a set of requests +to lookup info on those nodes.

+

This wasn't a bug in FUSE but mergerfs. However, the incorrect +behavior of mergerfs lead to FUSE behave in an unexpected and +incorrect manner. It would issue a lookup of the "parent of a child of +the root" and mergerfs would send the invalid generation value. As a +result the kernel would mark the root node as "bad" which would then +trigger the kernel to issue a "forget root" message. In between those +it would issue a request for the parent of the root... which doesn't +exist.

+

So the kernel was doing two invalid things. Requesting the parent of +the root and then when that failed issuing a forget for the +root. These led to chasing after the wrong possible causes.

+

The change was for FUSE to revert the marking of root node bad if the +generation is non-zero and warn about it. It will mark the node bad +but not unhash/forget/remove it.

+

mergerfs in v2.40.1 ensures that generation for root is always 0 on +lookup which should work across any kernel version.

+

Truncated files

+

This was a bug with mmap and FUSE on 32bit platforms. Should be +fixed in all LTS releases.

+ +

Crashing on OpenVZ

+

There was a bug in the OpenVZ kernel with regard to how it handles +ioctl calls. It was making invalid requests which would lead to +crashes due to mergerfs not expecting them.

+ +

Really bad mmap performance

+

There was a bug in caching which affects overall performance of mmap through FUSE in Linux 4.x kernels. It is fixed in 4.4.10 and 4.5.4.

+ +

Heavy load and memory pressure leads to kernel panic

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
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+ + + + + + + + + + Media and Publicity - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/objects.inv b/2.42.0-rc2/objects.inv new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e69de29b diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/performance/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/performance/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..46256101 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/performance/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2373 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Tweaking Performance - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Tweaking Performance

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mergerfs is effectively a filesystem proxy and therefore its +theoretical max performance is that of the underlying devices +(ignoring caching performed by the kernel.) However, given it is a +FUSE based filesystem working from userspace and it must combine the +behavior and information from multiple underlying branches there can +be an increase in overhead relative to other solutions. That said the +performance of certain functions, such as IO, can match the +theoretical max but it depends greatly on the system's +configuration. There are many things which can impact +performance. Device speeds and latency, network speeds and latency, +concurrency and parallel limits of the hardware, read/write sizes, the +number of branches, etc.

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While some settings can impact performance they are all functional +in nature. Meaning they change mergerfs' behavior in some way. As a +result there is really no such thing as a "performance mode".

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If you're having performance concerns please read over the +benchmarking section of these docs and then the +details below.

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NOTE: Be sure to read about available features +before changing them to understand how functionality will change.

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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/project_comparisons/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/project_comparisons/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6b2d9c82 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/project_comparisons/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,3418 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Project Comparisons - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Project Comparisons

+

There are no solutions, only trade-offs.

+

mhddfs

+ +

mhddfs is, like mergerfs, a FUSE-based filesystem which can pool +multiple filesystems together.

+

mhddfs had not been updated in over a decade and has known stability +and security issues. mergerfs provides a superset of mhddfs' features +and offers better performance. As of 2020, the author of mhddfs has +moved to using mergerfs.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: legacy setups that already depend on + mhddfs-specific behavior and do not need newer features.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: most modern deployments due to maintenance + status, feature coverage, and reliability.
    • +
+

Below is an example of mhddfs and mergerfs setup to work similarly.

+
mhddfs -o mlimit=4G,allow_other /mnt/drive1,/mnt/drive2 /mnt/pool
+
+mergerfs -o minfreespace=4G,category.create=ff /mnt/drive1:/mnt/drive2 /mnt/pool
+
+

aufs

+ +

aufs, another union filesystem, is a kernel-based overlay filesystem +with basic file creation placement policies.

+

Compared with mergerfs, aufs focuses on kernel-level overlay and +copy-on-write behavior, while mergerfs focuses on userspace pooling of +existing filesystems with richer branch placement policies.

+

aufs failed to be included in the mainline kernel and is no longer +available in most Linux distros, making it harder to get installed for +the average user. Development has been largely dormant for years.

+

While aufs can often offer better peak performance due to being +primarily kernel-based (at least when passthrough.io is disabled in +mergerfs), mergerfs provides more configurability and is generally +easier to use. mergerfs, however, does not offer the overlay / +copy-on-write (CoW) features which aufs has.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: kernel-level overlay/CoW workloads where + that behavior is required.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: users needing a widely packaged, + actively-maintained, easy-to-deploy pooling solution.
    • +
+

unionfs

+ +

unionfs for Linux is a "stackable unification file system" which +functions like many other union filesystems. It was last released for +Linux v3.14 back in 2014.

+

Compared with mergerfs, unionfs is an older kernel union filesystem +implementation while mergerfs is a modern, actively-maintained +FUSE-based pooling filesystem with broader policy controls.

+

Documentation is sparse so a comparison of features is not possible +but given the lack of maintenance and support for modern kernels there +is little reason to consider it as a solution.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: historical or legacy environments that + already depend on this specific kernel unionfs behavior.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: practical modern deployments due to + limited maintenance, aging kernel support, and sparse documentation.
    • +
+

unionfs-fuse

+ +

unionfs-fuse is a FUSE-based union filesystem focused on overlay +behavior, including copy-on-write (CoW) style layering of writable +content over read-only content.

+

Compared with mergerfs, unionfs-fuse's primary feature is +overlay/CoW-style layering, while mergerfs' primary feature is +policy-based pooling and placement across multiple regular writable +filesystems.

+

Since unionfs-fuse, as the name suggests, is a FUSE-based technology +it can be used without elevated privileges that kernel solutions such +as unionfs, aufs, and overlayfs require.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: overlay-style unions with copy-on-write + semantics in userspace.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: flexible create-policy-based pooling of + many writable filesystems.
    • +
+

overlayfs

+ +

overlayfs is effectively the functional successor to unionfs, +unionfs-fuse, and aufs and is widely used by Linux container platforms +such as Docker and Podman. Both overlayfs and FUSE were originally +created by Miklos Szeredi.

+

If your use case is layering a writable filesystem on top of read-only +filesystems then you should look first to overlayfs. Its feature set +however is very different from mergerfs and solves different problems.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: container and image-layering workflows + where copy-on-write semantics are central.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: heterogeneous pooling use cases that need + flexible branch selection policies across many existing filesystems.
    • +
+

RAID0, JBOD, SPAN, drive concatenation, striping

+ +

These are block device technologies which, in some form, aggregate +devices into what appears to be a single device on which a traditional +filesystem can be used. The filesystem has no understanding of the +underlying block layout and, should one of those underlying devices +fail or be removed, the filesystem will be missing that chunk, which +could contain critical information, and the whole filesystem may +become unrecoverable. Even if the data from the filesystem is +recoverable, doing so may require specialized tooling.

+

In contrast, with mergerfs you can format devices as you normally +would, or take existing filesystems and combine them in a pool to +aggregate their storage. The failure of any one device will have no +impact on the other devices. The downside to mergerfs' approach is +that you do not actually have contiguous space as large as you would +with those other technologies. That means you cannot create a file +larger than 1TB on a pool of two 1TB filesystems.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: creating one contiguous block device and + maximizing single-file size/performance characteristics.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: failure isolation and straightforward + per-disk recovery when a device dies.
    • +
+

RAID5, RAID6

+ +

RAID5, RAID6, and similar technologies aggregate multiple devices at +the block level and provide one or more live parity schemes that can +allow the pool to continue to run should one device fail and rebuild +the data once the device is replaced.

+

mergerfs offers no parity or redundancy features so in that regard the +technologies are not comparable. SnapRAID +or NonRAID can be used in +combination with mergerfs to provide redundancy. Unlike traditional +RAID5 or RAID6 SnapRAID works with drives of different sizes and can +have more than 2 parity drives. Parity calculations with SnapRAID are +not done in real-time but NonRAID's are.

+

For more details and comparison of SnapRAID to related technologies +see https://www.snapraid.it/compare.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: live parity protection and continued array + operation through configured disk failures.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: incremental mixed-size pooling with simple + per-filesystem independence.
    • +
+

LVM

+ +

LVM is a block-level volume management system for Linux. It combines +physical devices into volume groups and creates logical volumes on top, +with features like snapshots, resizing, and thin provisioning.

+

Compared with mergerfs, LVM operates below the filesystem while mergerfs +operates above filesystems. With LVM, filesystems are created on logical +volumes and do not know about the underlying disks. If a linear or +striped logical volume spans multiple disks and one disk fails, the +filesystem can become unreadable. With mergerfs, each disk typically has +its own independent filesystem, so a single disk failure affects only the +data on that disk.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: block-level features like thin + provisioning, snapshots, and online resizing.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: incremental mixed-disk pooling where + per-disk failure isolation and per-disk native access are priorities.
    • +
+

mdadm

+ +

mdadm is Linux userspace tooling for configuring and managing software +RAID arrays provided by the kernel md driver. It can build RAID0/1/4/5/6/10 +and related layouts, monitor arrays, and handle rebuild workflows.

+

Like RAID technologies discussed above, mdadm arrays aggregate devices +at the block layer and present one virtual device to a filesystem. That +can provide performance and/or redundancy depending on RAID level, but it +also means the filesystem depends on the array layout. mergerfs does not +provide block-level RAID; it pools already-formatted filesystems and can +be combined with tools like SnapRAID or NonRAID when redundancy is needed.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: kernel software RAID with real-time + redundancy and array-level performance tuning.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: flexible mixed-size drive pooling where + per-filesystem independence and simple incremental expansion matter.
    • +
+

device mapper

+ +

Device mapper is a kernel framework for creating virtual block devices +from one or more underlying devices. Technologies such as LVM, +dm-crypt, dm-cache, dm-thin, and multipath are built on top of it.

+

Because device mapper works at the block layer, it is not directly +comparable to mergerfs. It is complementary: you can use device mapper +for block-level functionality (encryption, caching, thin provisioning, +etc.) and then place filesystems on those devices, which mergerfs can +later pool if desired.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: block-layer transformations such as + transparent encryption, caching, and provisioning features.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: presenting one unified pathname-level view + across many independent, already-formatted filesystems.
    • +
+

UnRAID

+ +

UnRAID is a full OS platform that offers pooled storage with integrated +real-time parity. Compared with mergerfs, its main advantage is that it +bundles pooling and parity in one product, while mergerfs is a +standalone Linux pooling filesystem without built-in redundancy. For +some users mergerfs' Linux distro-agnostic and fully open-source +approach is also preferable.

+

For semi-static data, mergerfs + SnapRAID +provides a similar, but not real-time, solution. +NonRAID (see below) is a +fork of UnRAID's parity calculation solution and can also be used with +mergerfs.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: turnkey pooling plus integrated real-time + parity in one product.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: users who prefer a Linux distro-agnostic, + fully open-source component approach.
    • +
+

NonRAID

+ +

NonRAID is a fork of +UnRAID's storage array kernel driver. Effectively it is like RAID5 at +the block device layer without treating the collection of devices as a +single device. Each device gets a virtual block device associated with +it which can be formatted with the filesystem of the user's choice and +will be individually accessible. Similar to SnapRAID but real-time.

+

Compared with mergerfs, NonRAID adds kernel-level real-time parity while +still allowing per-disk filesystems, whereas mergerfs focuses on pooling +views and placement policies without parity.

+

Given each device has its own filesystem like a traditional setup it can +be used with mergerfs for those looking for a unified view.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: real-time parity protection without + traditional RAID striping behavior.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: users who want the simplest setup and do + not need parity, since it adds operational complexity.
    • +
+

ZFS

+ +

ZFS is an advanced filesystem that combines storage pooling, +snapshots, data integrity checking, and built-in RAID-like redundancy +all in one package. It offers features like transparent compression, +encryption, and automatic data repair.

+

Compared with mergerfs, ZFS is a full storage stack that manages disks +directly with integrated integrity and redundancy features, while +mergerfs is a lightweight FUSE layer that pools existing filesystems +without built-in redundancy.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: integrated data integrity, snapshots, + checksumming, and built-in redundancy.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: low-overhead incremental pooling of + existing filesystems with minimal planning.
    • +
+

ZFS AnyRAID

+ +

ZFS AnyRAID +(announcement) +is a feature under development for ZFS intended to provide more +flexibility in pools by allowing mixed-capacity disks while +maintaining live redundancy.

+

If released, ZFS AnyRAID would offer some of the flexibility associated +with mergerfs-style mixed-capacity expansion, but with built-in +redundancy inside ZFS. mergerfs already provides that mixed-size, +add-drives-anytime flexibility today, albeit without built-in +redundancy. If you need redundancy with that flexibility, ZFS AnyRAID +could become an option when available; until then, mergerfs remains the +simpler currently available choice for mixed-capacity pooling, with +redundancy and integrity available via SnapRAID and/or NonRAID.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: users who want mixed-capacity flexibility + and built-in live redundancy in one filesystem stack.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: users who need mature availability now and + the simplest add-drives-anytime workflow without redundancy overhead.
    • +
+

Bcachefs

+ +

Bcachefs is a modern copy-on-write filesystem for Linux designed for +multi-device storage aggregation. It includes integrated features such +as checksumming, snapshots, compression, encryption, and redundancy.

+

Compared with mergerfs, bcachefs is a full integrated filesystem with +built-in checksumming, snapshots, compression, and redundancy, while +mergerfs is a lightweight pooling layer over existing filesystems. +Bcachefs is still evolving and should be evaluated carefully for +production use.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: integrated CoW filesystem features, + checksumming, snapshots, compression, and built-in multi-device + redundancy.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: conservative production setups prioritizing + maturity, simplicity, and broad long-term deployment stability.
    • +
+

Btrfs Single Data Profile

+ +

Btrfs' single data profile is a +multi-device Btrfs mode that can spread data across drives without +adding redundancy.

+

Compared with mergerfs, Btrfs single is managed as one integrated +filesystem, while mergerfs pools separate existing filesystems. In +Btrfs single, losing one device can impact the whole filesystem; +with mergerfs, loss is typically limited to data on the failed disk.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: integrated multi-device management in one + filesystem namespace.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: users who value per-disk failure isolation + and easy independent recovery.
    • +
+

StableBit's DrivePool

+ +

DrivePool is a commercial storage pooling product for Windows that +combines multiple drives into a single volume and includes balancing +and optional duplication capabilities.

+

Compared with mergerfs, DrivePool emphasizes integrated balancing and +duplication features in a Windows-first product, while mergerfs +emphasizes Linux FUSE pooling with policy-based create placement and +external-tool composability.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: Windows users needing built-in + rebalancing and native file duplication features.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: Linux-native deployments and users who + prefer open-source tooling and composable external utilities.
    • +
+

Windows Storage Spaces

+ +

Windows Storage Spaces is Microsoft's software-defined storage +platform for Windows Server and Windows Pro. It aggregates multiple +physical disks into logical storage pools with built-in redundancy +options (mirroring, parity) and automatic performance optimization +through tiered caching.

+

Storage Spaces is Windows-only and requires more planning upfront due +to redundancy options and RAID-like features. mergerfs is +Linux-focused and takes a simpler approach, pooling existing +filesystems without built-in redundancy. If you need a Windows +solution with integrated data protection, Storage Spaces is a good +choice. For Linux users seeking lightweight pooling without redundancy +overhead, mergerfs is the better option.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: Windows environments needing integrated + pooling, resilience, and tiering in the platform stack.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: Linux hosts and lightweight pooling where + minimal overhead and per-filesystem independence are preferred.
    • +
+

Plan 9 binds

+ +

Plan 9 has a native bind mechanism that can compose paths and +filesystems into a single namespace view, including union-like +directory behavior.

+

Compared with mergerfs, Plan 9 binds are an OS-native namespace feature +with simple ordered behavior, while mergerfs provides Linux-focused +filesystem pooling with a larger set of configurable branch policies.

+

Plan 9 isn't a widely used OS so this comparison is mostly academic.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: native Plan 9 environments where + namespace composition is a core OS feature.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: Linux users due to ecosystem relevance and + practical deployment availability.
    • +
+

SnapRAID pooling

+ +

SnapRAID has a pooling feature which +creates "a read-only virtual view of all the files in your array using +symbolic links."

+

Compared with mergerfs, SnapRAID pooling is a symlink-generated, +read-only view refreshed by SnapRAID operations, while mergerfs is a +live mounted filesystem that supports normal read/write behavior.

+

As mentioned in the description, this "view" is just the creation of +the same directory layout with symlinks to all files. This means that +reads (and writes) to files are at native speeds, but it is not +practical to use as a target for writing new files, and it is only +updated when snapraid pool is run. Note that some software treats +symlinks differently than regular files. For instance, some backup +software will skip symlinks by default.

+

mergerfs has the feature symlinkify which +provides a similar behavior but is more flexible in that it is not +read-only. That said there can still be some software that won't like +that kind of setup.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: read-only, native-speed directory views + of SnapRAID-managed content.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: general read/write pooled filesystem use + and always-live view updates.
    • +
+

rclone union

+ +

rclone's union backend allows you to +create a union of multiple rclone backends and was inspired by +mergerfs. Because +rclone knows more about the underlying backends than mergerfs can, it +can be more efficient than creating a similar union with rclone mount +and mergerfs.

+

Compared with mergerfs, rclone union is backend-aware and optimized for +cloud/remote storage abstractions, while mergerfs is optimized for local +POSIX filesystem pooling and branch policies.

+

However, it is not uncommon to see users set up rclone mounts and +combine them with local or other remote filesystems using mergerfs +given the differing feature sets and focuses of the two projects.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: remote-backend-heavy workloads where + backend-aware behavior improves cloud storage handling.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: local POSIX pooling scenarios where direct + filesystem semantics and broad local tool compatibility matter.
    • +
+

distributed filesystems

+ +

Distributed remote filesystems come in many forms. Some offer POSIX +filesystem compliance and some do not. Some provide remote block +devices or object stores on which a POSIX or POSIX-like filesystem is +built. Some are effectively distributed union filesystems with +duplication.

+

Compared with mergerfs, distributed filesystems focus on multi-node +storage, replication, and cluster behavior, while mergerfs focuses on +single-host local pooling of existing filesystems.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: multi-node or geographically distributed + workloads with built-in replication and high availability.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: single-host and homelab pooling where low + overhead and operational simplicity are key.
    • +
+

nofs

+ +

nofs is a tool that provides mergerfs-like functionality for combining +multiple filesystems/directories into a unified view but does so +entirely through subcommands which replicate traditional POSIX +commands rather than providing a proper filesystem. It takes a lot of +inspiration from mergerfs in that it supports policy-based branch +selection (mfs, ff, pfrd, epmfs, and others), read-only and no-create +branch modes, and recreates POSIX-like commands such as ls, find, +which, cp, mv, and rm.

+

Compared with mergerfs, nofs is command-driven rather than a mounted +filesystem, so mergerfs is the option for transparent system-wide +pooling through normal POSIX filesystem calls.

+

Given its design nofs is not suited for general usage as third-party +applications will not be able to take advantage of the unioning +behavior it offers. It is primarily for more simple situations where +something like mergerfs is unable to be used.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: constrained environments where a FUSE + mount is not possible but command-style union behavior is acceptable.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: transparent system-wide filesystem pooling + usable by arbitrary third-party applications.
    • +
+

policyfs

+ +

policyfs is a Linux FUSE storage daemon that unifies multiple storage +paths under a single mountpoint, similarly to mergerfs. Its +distinguishing features are explicit path-pattern-based routing rules +for placement, and an optional SQLite metadata index that can serve +readdir and getattr operations without spinning up HDDs.

+

Compared with mergerfs, policyfs emphasizes explicit path-based routing +and optional metadata indexing, while mergerfs emphasizes a broad, +policy-driven pooling model with longer operational history and wider +adoption. It doesn't try limiting spinup as doing so fundimentally is +in conflict with other features.

+

Due to the nature of PolicyFS it can not really be used while changing +files out-of-band and with the delayed writeback of metadata and +unlinking there is a greater risk of inconsistancy in error +conditions.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: explicit path-based routing and optional + metadata indexing to reduce HDD spin-ups.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: users prioritizing project maturity, + adoption, performance, and long-established operational behavior.
    • +
+

Greyhole

+ +

Greyhole is an open-source storage pooling application that works via +Samba. Rather than implementing a FUSE filesystem, it hooks into Samba +VFS to intercept file operations and distribute files across multiple +drives, with optional per-share redundancy.

+

Compared with mergerfs, Greyhole is Samba-centric and includes +integrated share-level redundancy, while mergerfs is a general-purpose +Linux FUSE mount for local pooling via standard POSIX filesystem calls.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: Samba-centric environments that need + built-in per-share redundancy in the same tool.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: general-purpose local filesystem pooling + outside Samba and heavy small-file churn workloads.
    • +
+

9P

+ +

9P is a filesystem +protocol from the Plan 9 operating system used to access files over a +network between systems.

+

Compared with mergerfs, 9P is a network filesystem protocol, while +mergerfs is a local Linux FUSE filesystem for pooling directories and +filesystems under one mount with branch policies.

+
    +
  • Better than mergerfs for: lightweight network filesystem protocol + use between compatible systems.
    • +
  • Worse than mergerfs for: local Linux filesystem pooling because it + does not provide mergerfs-like branch policies or pooling semantics.
    • +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/quickstart/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/quickstart/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..50697e82 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/quickstart/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2915 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Quick Start - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Quick Start

+

Install

+

First ensure you have the latest version installed.

+

Configuration

+

mergerfs has many options and effectively all of +them are functional in nature. What that means is that there is no +"best" or "fastest" configuration. No "make faster" +options. Everything changes behavior. Sometimes those changes in +behavior affect performance.

+

If you don't already know that you have special requirements then use +one of the following option sets as it will cover the common use +cases.

+

You use Linux v6.6 or above

+
    +
  • cache.files=off
    • +
  • category.create=pfrd
    • +
  • func.getattr=newest
    • +
  • dropcacheonclose=false
    • +
+

See Known Issues and Bugs#Software Using +mmap for more details why +the Linux and mergerfs version matter and its relation to mmap.

+

NOTE: This "auto mmap" feature is only supported in mergerfs +v2.41.0 and above. For older versions see below or the docs from that +release.

+

You use Linux v6.5 or below

+

You need mmap

+

To keep the details in a single location: see Known Issues and +Bugs#Software Using mmap +for more details.

+
    +
  • cache.files=auto-full
    • +
  • category.create=pfrd
    • +
  • func.getattr=newest
    • +
  • dropcacheonclose=true
    • +
+

You don't need mmap

+
    +
  • cache.files=off
    • +
  • category.create=pfrd
    • +
  • func.getattr=newest
    • +
  • dropcacheonclose=false
    • +
+

Usage

+

For some suggestions on branch setup see the page on +branches.

+

Command Line

+
# Two positional options: `:` colon separated branches and mountpoint
+mergerfs -o opt[,opt...] /branch0:/branch1 /mountpoint
+# or list of positional options where the last is the mountpoint
+mergerfs -o opt[,opt...] /branch0 /branch1 /mountpoint
+# or set mountpoint via -o mountpoint
+mergerfs -o mountpoint=/mountpoint /branch0 /branch1
+
+
mergerfs -o cache.files=off,category.create=pfrd,func.getattr=newest,dropcacheonclose=false /mnt/hdd0:/mnt/hdd1 /media
+
+

/etc/fstab

+
/mnt/hdd0:/mnt/hdd1 /media mergerfs cache.files=off,category.create=pfrd,func.getattr=newest,dropcacheonclose=false 0 0
+
+

/etc/fstab w/ config file

+

For more complex setups it can be useful to separate out the config.

+

/etc/fstab

+
/etc/mergerfs/branches/media/* /media mergerfs config=/etc/mergerfs/config/media.ini
+
+

/etc/mergerfs/config/media.ini

+
media.ini
cache.files=off
+category.create=pfrd
+func.getattr=newest
+dropcacheonclose=false
+# comments and empty lines are supported
+
+

/etc/mergerfs/branches/media/

+

Create a bunch of symlinks to point to the branch. mergerfs will +resolve the symlinks and use the real path.

+

ls -lh /etc/mergerfs/branches/media/*

+
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Aug  4  2023 hdd00 -> /mnt/hdd/hdd00
+lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Aug  4  2023 hdd01 -> /mnt/hdd/hdd01
+lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Aug  4  2023 hdd02 -> /mnt/hdd/hdd02
+lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Aug  4  2023 hdd03 -> /mnt/hdd/hdd03
+
+

systemd (simple)

+

/etc/systemd/system/mergerfs-media.service

+
mergerfs-media.service
[Unit]
+Description=mergerfs /media service
+After=local-fs.target network.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+KillMode=none
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/mergerfs \
+  -f \
+  -o cache.files=off \
+  -o category.create=pfrd \
+  -o func.getattr=newest \
+  -o dropcacheonclose=false \
+  /mnt/hdd0 \
+  /mnt/hdd1 \
+  /media
+ExecStop=/usr/bin/umount /media
+# Or if you need fusermount
+# ExecStop=/usr/bin/mergerfs-fusermount -u /media
+Restart=on-failure
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=default.target
+
+

systemd (w/ setup script)

+

Since it isn't well documented otherwise: if you wish to do some setup before +you mount mergerfs follow this example.

+

setup-for-mergerfs

+

/usr/local/bin/setup-for-mergerfs

+
setup-for-mergerfs
#!/usr/bin/env sh
+
+# Perform setup
+/bin/sleep 10
+
+# Report back to systemd that things are ready
+/bin/systemd-notify --ready
+
+

setup-for-mergerfs.service

+

/etc/systemd/system/setup-for-mergerfs.service

+
setup-for-mergerfs.service
[Unit]
+Description=mergerfs setup service
+
+[Service]
+Type=notify
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/setup-for-mergerfs
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=default.target
+
+

mergerfs-media.service

+

/etc/systemd/system/mergerfs-media.service

+
mergerfs-media.service
[Unit]
+Description=mergerfs /media service
+Requires=setup-for-mergerfs.service
+After=local-fs.target network.target prepare-for-mergerfs.service
+
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+KillMode=none
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/mergerfs \
+  -f \
+  -o cache.files=off \
+  -o category.create=pfrd \
+  -o func.getattr=newest \
+  -o dropcacheonclose=false \
+  /mnt/hdd0 \
+  /mnt/hdd1 \
+  /media
+ExecStop=/usr/bin/umount /media
+# Or if you need fusermount
+# ExecStop=/usr/bin/mergerfs-fusermount -u /media
+Restart=on-failure
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=default.target
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/related_projects/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/related_projects/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ad8533b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/related_projects/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2453 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Related Projects - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Related Projects

+

Projects using mergerfs

+
    +
  • Lakka.tv: A turnkey software emulation Linux + distribution. Used to pool user and local storage. Also includes my + other project Opera. A 3DO emulator.
    • +
  • OpenMediaVault: A network attached + storage (NAS) solution based on Debian Linux. They provide plugins + to manage mergerfs.
    • +
  • CasaOS: "A simple, easy to use, elegant open + source home cloud system." Has added initial integration with + mergerfs to create pools from existing filesystems.
    • +
  • ZimaOS: A more + commercially focused NAS OS by the authors of CasaOS at Ice + Whale.
    • +
  • Cosmos Cloud: Cosmos "take the chore out + of selfhosting, with automated maintenance and fully secured setup + out of the box. It even integrates to your existing setup."
    • +
  • MOS: "Lightweight, modular server OS for + NAS, Containers & VMs."
    • +
+

Software and services commonly used with mergerfs

+
    +
  • snapraid: a backup program designed for + disk arrays, storing parity information for data recovery in the + event of up to six disk failures.
    • +
  • nonraid: NonRAID is a fork of the + unRAID system's open-source md_unraid kernel driver enabling + UnRAID-style storage arrays with parity protection outside of the + commercial UnRAID system.
    • +
  • rclone: a command-line program to manage + files on cloud storage. It is a feature-rich alternative to cloud + vendors' web storage interfaces. rclone's + union feature is based on mergerfs + policies.
    • +
  • ZFS: A popular filesystem and volume + management platform originally part of Sun Solaris and later ported + to other operating systems. It is common to use ZFS with + mergerfs. ZFS for important data and mergerfs pool for replacable + media.
    • +
  • Proxmox: Proxmox is a popular, Debian + based, virtualization platform. Users tend to install mergerfs on + the host and pass the mount into containers.
    • +
  • UnRAID: "Unraid is a powerful, easy-to-use + operating system for self-hosted servers and network-attached + storage." While UnRAID has its own union filesystem it isn't + uncommon to see UnRAID users leverage mergerfs given the differences + in the technologies. There is a plugin available by + Rysz + to ease installation and setup.
    • +
  • TrueNAS SCALE: An + enterprise focused NAS operating system with OpenZFS support. A Some + users are requesting mergerfs be made part + of + TrueNAS.
    • +
  • For a time there were a number of Chia miners recommending mergerfs.
    • +
  • cloudboxes.io: VPS provider. Includes + details on their + wiki: + on how to setup mergerfs.
    • +
  • QNAP: A company + known for their turnkey, consumer focused NAS devices. Someone has + created builds of mergerfs for different QNAP devices.
    • +
+

Distributions including mergerfs

+

mergerfs can be found in the +repositories of many +Linux distributions +and FreeBSD.

+

Note: Any non-rolling release based distro is likely to have +out-of-date versions. deb and rpm based distro users should +probably use the mergerfs project's provided +packages.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/remote_filesystems/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/remote_filesystems/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..964c63d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/remote_filesystems/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2705 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Remote Filesystems - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Remote Filesystems

+

This section is to describe any known issues or quirks when using +mergerfs with common remote filesystems.

+

There are two ways to use mergerfs with a network filesystem. One is +to use it within the pool as a branch and one is the exporting of a +mergerfs mount.

+

General Notes

+

Do not change things out-of-band

+

Keep in mind that, like when using +caching, +it is NOT a good idea to change the contents of the remote +filesystem +out-of-band. Meaning that +you should not change the contents of the underlying filesystems or +mergerfs on the server hosting the remote filesystem. Files should +exclusively be interacted with through the network filesystem. Doing +otherwise can lead to weird behavior, inconsistency, errors, and even +data corruption should multiple programs try to write or read the same +data at the same time. This isn't to say you can't do it or that data +corruption is likely but it could happen. If you're only reading +from those filesystems there is little risk but writing or modifying +file layout will be a problem. Particularly with NFS. It is better to +always use the remote filesystem. Even on the machine serving it.

+

NFS

+

NFS is a common +remote filesystem on Unix/POSIX systems. Due to how NFS works there +are some settings which need to be set in order for mergerfs to work +with it.

+

NFS as branch

+

mergerfs settings:

+
    +
  • No special settings need to be set
    • +
+

NFS export settings:

+
    +
  • no_root_squash: mergerfs must be able to make requests that only + root is permissioned to make. If any root squashing occurs, just as + running mergerfs as a non-root user, there is no guarantee that + mergerfs will be able to do what it needs to manage the underlying + filesystem.
    • +
  • softerr or soft: A perhaps questionable choice but if NFS + freezes up because the backend dies or the network goes down the + default hard mount would cause mergerfs to block the same as any + other software. By setting softerr or soft the NFS client will + timeout eventually and return an error.
    • +
  • softreval: NFS client will serve up cached data after retrans + attempts to revalidate the data. Helps with intermittent network + issues.
    • +
  • timeo=150: Timeout till retrying request.
    • +
  • retrans=3: Number of retrying a request.
    • +
  • rsize=131072: Read size.
    • +
  • wsize=131072: Write size.
    • +
+

no_root_squash is necessary but the others are just suggestions and +you may want to alter based on your use case. The risk of using hard +and other more strict behavior options is that should NFS completely +lock up it will impact mergerfs negatively.

+

NFS exporting mergerfs

+

It should be noted that NFS and FUSE (the technology mergerfs uses) do +not work perfectly with one another. They largely can be worked around +but if you run into problems it may be worth trying Samba/SMB.

+

mergerfs settings:

+
    +
  • never-forget-nodes=true or remember-nodes=SECONDS
    • +
  • inodecalc=path-hash
    • +
  • lazy-umount-mountpoint=false
    • +
+

never-forget-nodes=true (or remember-nodes with a large value such +as 86400 for a full day) is needed because NFS uses the +name_to_handle_at and open_by_handle_at functions which allow a +program to keep a reference to a file without technically having it +open in the typical sense. The problem is that FUSE has no way to know +that NFS has a handle that it will later use to open the file +again. As a result, it is possible for the kernel to tell mergerfs to +forget about the file node and should NFS ever ask for that node's +details in the future it would have nothing to respond with. Keeping +nodes around forever (or however long is set with remember-nodes) is +not ideal but at the moment the only way to manage the situation.

+

inodecalc=path-hash is needed because NFS is sensitive to +out-of-band changes. FUSE doesn't care if a file's inode value changes +but NFS, being stateful, does. So if you used the default inode +calculation algorithm it is possible that if you changed a file or +updated a directory the file mergerfs will use will be on a different +branch and therefore the inode would change. This isn't an ideal +solution and others are being considered but it works for most +situations.

+

lazy-umount-mountpoint=false is needed (or left unset) as lazy +umount can cause problems with NFS. It won't impact the NFS export at +first but followup mounts of mergerfs to the same mount point will +lead to new remote mounts hanging till exportfs is run again.

+

NFS export settings:

+
    +
  • fsid=UUID
    • +
  • no_root_squash
    • +
+

fsid=UUID is needed because FUSE filesystems don't have different +st_dev values which can cause issues when exporting. The easiest +thing to do is set each mergerfs export fsid to some random +value. An easy way to generate a random value is to use the command +line tool uuid or uuidgen or through a website such as +uuidgenerator.net.

+

no_root_squash is not technically required but suggested. If NFS +is root squashing then any request that an app running as root makes +will show up as a different user to mergerfs. This is perfectly fine +so long as the client software using NFS are not running as root and +expect to have root like privileges.

+

SMB / CIFS

+

SMB is a +protocol most used by Microsoft Windows systems to share file shares, +printers, etc. However, due to the popularity of Windows, it is also +supported on many other platforms including Linux. The most popular +way of supporting SMB on Linux is via the software Samba.

+

SMB as branch

+

Using a SMB mount as a branch in mergerfs may result in problems +(permission errors) since it is not POSIX compliant. This setup is not +common and has not been extensively tested.

+

SMB exporting mergerfs

+

Samba and other +ways of serving Linux filesystems via SMB should work fine with +mergerfs. The services do not tend to use the same technologies which +NFS uses and therefore don't have the same issues. There should not be +special settings required export mergerfs with Samba. However, +CIFSD and other programs have +not been extensively tested. If you use mergerfs with CIFSD or other +SMB servers please submit your experiences so these docs can be +updated.

+

NOTE: Some users have reported that when deleting files from certain +Android file managers they get errors from the app and Samba but the +file gets removed. This is due to a bug in Samba which has been fixed +in more recent releases such as 4.21. If using Debian you can enable +backports repo.

+

SSHFS

+

SSHFS is a FUSE filesystem +leveraging SSH as the connection and transport layer. While often +simpler to setup when compared to NFS or Samba the performance can be +lacking and the project is very much in maintenance mode.

+

There are no known issues using sshfs with mergerfs. You may want to +use the following arguments to improve performance but your millage +may vary.

+
    +
  • -o Ciphers=arcfour
    • +
  • -o Compression=no
    • +
+

More info can be found +here.

+

Other

+

There are other remote filesystems but none popularly used to serve +mergerfs. If you use something not listed above feel free to reach out +and I will add it to the list.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/resource_usage/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/resource_usage/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c4425490 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/resource_usage/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2380 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Resource Usage and Management - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Resource Usage and Management

+

Usage

+
    +
  • threads
      +
    • configurable number of threads
        +
      • reading from kernel
        • +
      • processing messages from kernel
        • +
      • readdir concurrency
        • +
      +
      • +
    +
    • +
  • memory
      +
    • 1MB+ pre reader thread + inflight processing for messages + depending on fuse-msg-size
      • +
    • buffers allocated temporarily for reading directories
      • +
    • FUSE nodes
      • +
    • never-forget-nodes=true nodes
      • +
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Management

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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/runtime_interface/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/runtime_interface/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..382505ad --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/runtime_interface/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2757 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Runtime Interface - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Runtime Interface

+

mergerfs has runtime interfaces allowing users to query certain +filesystem information, get and set config, and trigger certain +activities while it is running.

+

The interface is provided via the POSIX extended attributes filesystem +API which is a namespaced key=value pair store associated with a +file. Since mergerfs primarily uses key=value pairs for config it +fits well and is a known and reasonably well supported API.

+

There are two targets for xattr calls. One is a pseudo file used for +getting and setting config and issuing certain commands. The other are +files found on the filesystem for querying certain mergerfs specific +information about them.

+

.mergerfs pseudo file

+
<mountpoint>/.mergerfs
+
+

mergerfs provides this pseudo file for the runtime modification of +certain options and issuing commands. The file will not show up in +readdir but can be stat'ed and viewed/manipulated via +listxattr, +getxattr, and +setxattr calls.

+

Any changes made at runtime are NOT persisted. If you wish for +values to persist they must be included as options wherever you +configure the mounting of mergerfs (/etc/fstab, systemd, etc.).

+

Command Line Tooling

+

Extended attributes are prevalent enough that there are common tools +available for interacting with them.

+

In Debian / Ubuntu distributions you can get the tools +getfattr and +setfattr from +attr package.

+
$ sudo apt-get install attr
+
+

Config

+

Keys

+

Use getfattr -d /mountpoint/.mergerfs to see all supported +configuration keys. It is effectively the same as the +options prefixed with user.mergerfs.. Some are +informational or only can be set at startup and therefore read-only.

+

Example: option cache.files would be user.mergerfs.cache.files.

+

Values

+

Same as the command line options.

+

Getting

+

getfattr -n user.mergerfs.branches /mountpoint/.mergerfs

+

ENOATTR will be returned if the key doesn't exist as normal with +getxattr.

+

Setting

+

setfattr -n user.mergerfs.branches -v VALUE /mountpoint/.mergerfs

+

setxattr will return EROFS +(Read-only filesystem) on read-only keys. ENOATTR will be returned +if the key does not exist. If the value attempting to be set is not +valid EINVAL will be returned.

+

user.mergerfs.branches

+

branches has the ability to understand some simple instructions to +make manipulation of the list easier. The [list] is simply what is +described in the branches docs.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
ValueDescription
[list]set
+<[list]prepend to existing list
+>[list]append to existing list
-[list]remove all values provided
-<remove first in list
->remove last in list
+

NOTE: if the value of branches is set to something invalid / +non-existant mergerfs will return a bogus entry when the mount point +directory is stat'ed and create a fake file entry when listing the +directory telling the user "error: no valid mergerfs branch found, +check config". This is done to ensure the user understands the +situation and continue to be able to access the xattr interface.

+

Example

+
[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ getfattr -d .mergerfs
+user.mergerfs.branches="/mnt/a=RW:/mnt/b=RW"
+user.mergerfs.minfreespace="4294967295"
+user.mergerfs.moveonenospc="false"
+...
+
+[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ getfattr -n user.mergerfs.category.create .mergerfs
+user.mergerfs.category.search="mfs"
+
+[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ setfattr -n user.mergerfs.category.create -v pfrd .mergerfs
+[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ getfattr -n user.mergerfs.category.create .mergerfs
+user.mergerfs.category.search="prfd"
+
+[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ setfattr -n user.mergerfs.branches -v '+</mnt/c=RO' .mergerfs
+[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ getfattr -n user.mergerfs.branches .mergerfs
+user.mergerfs.branches="/mnt/c=RO:/mnt/a=RW:/mnt/b=RW"
+
+

Commands

+

There are a number of commands / behaviors which can be triggered by +writing (setfattr, +setxattr) particular xattr +keys of /mountpoint/.mergerfs. These keys do not show up in key +listings.

+

Commands can take an argument however currently no command uses or +allows a value.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
KeyValueDescription
user.mergerfs.cmd.gc(empty)Trigger a thorough garbage collection of certain pools of resources. The xattr value is not used.
user.mergerfs.cmd.gc1(empty)Trigger a simple garbage collection of certain pools of resources. This is also done on a timer.
user.mergerfs.cmd.invalidate-all-nodes(empty)Attempts to invalidate FUSE file nodes. Primarily used for debugging.
+
[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ setfattr -n user.mergerfs.cmd.gc /mnt/mergerfs/.mergerfs
+[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ journalctl -t mergerfs | tail -n1
+Jul 20 15:36:18 hostname mergerfs[1931348]: running basic garbage collection
+
+

file / directory xattrs

+

There is certain information mergerfs knows or calculates about a +file that can be useful in building tooling or debugging.

+

The keys below can be queried (getfattr -n key, +getxattr) to get the described +information. These keys will not show up in any listing (getfattr +-d, listxattr). Attempting +to set them will result in an error.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
KeyReturn Value
user.mergerfs.basepathThe base mount point for the file given the current getattr policy.
user.mergerfs.relpathThe relative path of the file from the perspective of the mount point.
user.mergerfs.fullpathThe full path of the original file given the getattr policy.
user.mergerfs.allpathsA NULL ('\0') separated list of full paths to all files found.
+
[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ getfattr -n user.mergerfs.fullpath test
+user.mergerfs.fullpath="/mnt/a/test"
+[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ getfattr -n user.mergerfs.allpaths .
+user.mergerfs.allpaths="/mnt/a\000/mnt/b\000/mnt/c"
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/search.json b/2.42.0-rc2/search.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4004865d --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/search.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +{"config":{"separator":"[\\s\\-_,:!=\\[\\]()\\\\\"`/]+|\\.(?!\\d)"},"items":[{"location":"","level":1,"title":"mergerfs - a featureful union filesystem","text":"

mergerfs is a union filesystem that makes multiple filesystems and/or directories appear as a single unified directory. mergerfs is designed to simplify how you manage files across multiple independent filesystems without the complexity, fragility, or cost of RAID or similar storage aggregation technologies.

mergerfs as a smart pooling layer allows you to combine any number of existing filesystems; whether they are on hard drives, SSDs, network shares, or other mounted storage; into what looks like one large filesystem, while still maintaining direct access to each individual filesystem. Unlike RAID, there's no rebuild process if a device fails. You only lose those files that were on that specific filesystem. You can also add or remove filesystems at any time without restructuring the pool.

mergerfs excels at cost-effective storage expansion, making it ideal for media libraries, backups, archival data, and other write-sometimes, read-often workloads where you need lots of space but don't want the overhead of traditional storage aggregation technologies.

Key advantages:

  • Non-destructive adding and removing of filesystems (even at runtime)
  • Mix and match filesystems of any size, type, or underlying device
  • No parity calculations or rebuild times
  • Does not require hard drives to be spinning if not in use
  • Direct access to files on individual filesystems when needed
  • Flexible policies for controlling where new files are created

For users seeking alternatives to mhddfs, unionfs, aufs, or DrivePool, mergerfs offers a mature, actively maintained solution with extensive configuration options and documentation. See the project comparisons for more details.

","path":["mergerfs - a featureful union filesystem"],"tags":[]},{"location":"#features","level":2,"title":"Features","text":"
  • Logically combine numerous filesystems/paths into a single mount point (JBOFS: Just a Bunch of FileSystems, think filesystem reverse proxy)
  • Combine paths of the same or different filesystems
  • Ability to add or remove filesystems/paths without impacting the rest of the data
  • Unaffected by individual filesystem failure
  • Configurable file creation placement
  • File IO passthrough for near native IO performance (where supported)
  • Works with filesystems of any size
  • Works with filesystems of almost any type
  • Ignore read-only filesystems when creating files
  • Hard links
  • Hard link copy-on-write / CoW
  • Runtime configurability
  • Support for extended attributes (xattrs)
  • Support for file attributes (chattr)
  • Support for POSIX ACLs
","path":["mergerfs - a featureful union filesystem"],"tags":[]},{"location":"#non-features","level":2,"title":"Non-features","text":"
  • RAID like redundancy (see SnapRAID and NonRAID)
  • RAID like performance improvements
  • LVM/RAID style block device aggregation
  • Data integrity checks, snapshots, file versioning
  • Read/write overlays on top of read-only filesystems (like OverlayFS)
  • File whiteout
  • Splitting of files across branches
  • Active rebalancing of content
  • Actively attempt to keep hard drives spun down
","path":["mergerfs - a featureful union filesystem"],"tags":[]},{"location":"#how-it-works","level":2,"title":"How it works","text":"

mergerfs logically merges multiple filesystem paths together. Not block devices, not filesystem mounts, just paths. It acts as a proxy to the underlying filesystem. Combining the behaviors of some functions and being a selector for others.

When the contents of a directory are requested mergerfs combines the list of files from each directory, deduplicating entries, and returns that list.

When a file or directory is created a policy is first run to determine which branch will be selected for the creation.

For functions which change attributes or remove the file the behavior may be applied to all instances found.

The way in which mergerfs behaves is controlled by the config / options / settings. More specifically by policies.

","path":["mergerfs - a featureful union filesystem"],"tags":[]},{"location":"#visualization","level":3,"title":"Visualization","text":"
A         +      B        =       C\n/disk1           /disk2           /merged\n|                |                |\n+-- /dir1        +-- /dir1        +-- /dir1\n|   |            |   |            |   |\n|   +-- file1    |   |            |   +-- file1\n|                |   +-- file2    |   +-- file2\n|                |   +-- file3    |   +-- file3\n|                |                |\n+-- /dir2        |                +-- /dir2\n|   |            |                |   |\n|   +-- file4    |                |   +-- file4\n|                |                |\n|                +-- /dir3        +-- /dir3\n|                |   |            |   |\n|                |   +-- file5    |   +-- file5\n|                |                |\n+-- file6        |                +-- file6\n+-- file7        +-- file7        +-- file7\n
","path":["mergerfs - a featureful union filesystem"],"tags":[]},{"location":"#getting-started","level":2,"title":"Getting Started","text":"

Head to the quick start guide.

","path":["mergerfs - a featureful union filesystem"],"tags":[]},{"location":"#about-this-documentation","level":2,"title":"About This Documentation","text":"
  • Like the software the documentation changes over time. Ensure that you are reading the documentation related to the version of the software you are using.
  • The documentation is explicit, literal, and reasonably thorough. If a suspected feature is not mentioned it does not exist. Do not read into the wording. What is described is how it functions. If you feel like something is not explained sufficiently or missing please ask in one of the supported forums and the docs will be updated.
  • The search feature of MkDocs is not great. Searching for \"literal strings\" will generally not work. Alternative solutions are being investigated.
  • While not intended for end users nor completely accurate some might find the AI generated docs at https://deepwiki.com/trapexit/mergerfs interesting or useful.
","path":["mergerfs - a featureful union filesystem"],"tags":[]},{"location":"benchmarking/","level":1,"title":"Benchmarking","text":"

Filesystems are complicated. They do many things and many of those are interconnected. Additionally, the OS, drivers, hardware, etc. can all impact performance. Therefore, when benchmarking, it is necessary that the test focuses as narrowly as possible.

For most throughput is the key benchmark. To test throughput dd is useful but must be used with the correct settings in order to ensure the filesystem or device is actually being tested. The OS can and will cache data. Without forcing synchronous reads and writes and/or disabling caching the values returned will not be representative of the device's true performance.

When benchmarking through mergerfs ensure you only use 1 branch to remove any possibility of the policies or differences in underlying filesystems complicating the situation. Benchmark the underlying filesystem first and then mount mergerfs with that same filesystem and that. Throughput will be lower but if you are experiencing speeds below your expectation you will need to narrow down precisely which component is leading to the slowdown. Preferably test the following in the order listed (but not combined).

  1. Enable nullrw mode with nullrw=true. This will effectively make reads and writes no-ops. Removing the underlying device / filesystem from the equation. This will give us the top theoretical speeds.
  2. Configure mergerfs to use a tmpfs branch. tmpfs is a RAM disk. Extremely high speed and very low latency. This is a more realistic best case scenario. Example: mount -t tmpfs -o size=2G tmpfs /tmp/tmpfs
  3. Configure mergerfs to use a local device filesystem branch. NVMe, SSD, HDD, etc. Test them individually. If you have different interconnects / controllers use the same storage device when testing to ensure consistency.
  4. Configure mergerfs to use any network filesystems you plan to use one at a time. It may also be worth trying a different network filesystem. NFS vs CIFS/SMB/Samba vs sshfs, etc.

Once you find the component which has the performance issue you can do further testing with different options to see if they impact performance. If you find a specific system, device, filesystem, controller, etc. that performs poorly contact the author so it can be investigated further.

Sometimes the problem is really the application accessing or writing data through mergerfs. Some software use small buffer sizes which can lead to more requests and therefore greater overhead. You can test this out yourself by replacing bs=1M in the examples below with ibs or obs and using a size of 512 instead of 1M. In one example test using nullrw the write speed dropped from 4.9GB/s to 69.7MB/s when moving from 1M to 512. Similar results were had when testing reads. Small writes overhead may be improved by leveraging a write cache but in casual tests little gain was found. If you have an app that appears slow with mergerfs it could be due to this. strace can be used with the app in question or mergerfs to see the size of read/writes. Contact the software author or worse case the mergerfs author so it may be investigated further.

","path":["Benchmarking"],"tags":[]},{"location":"benchmarking/#write-benchmark","level":3,"title":"Write Benchmark","text":"
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/mergerfs/16GB.file bs=1M count=16384 oflag=nocache conv=fdatasync status=progress\n
","path":["Benchmarking"],"tags":[]},{"location":"benchmarking/#read-benchmark","level":3,"title":"Read Benchmark","text":"
$ dd if=/mnt/mergerfs/16GB.file of=/dev/null bs=1M iflag=nocache conv=fdatasync status=progress\n
","path":["Benchmarking"],"tags":[]},{"location":"benchmarking/#fio","level":3,"title":"fio","text":"

fio is a popular and flexible benchmarking tool.

Below are some basic tests but also try setting --direct=0, changing the ioengine, or playing with other options.

","path":["Benchmarking"],"tags":[]},{"location":"benchmarking/#write","level":4,"title":"Write","text":"
$ fio --name=writetest --filename=/mnt/mergerfs/16GB.file --size=16Gb --rw=write --bs=1M --direct=1  --numjobs=1 --iodepth=8 --group_reporting --runtime=60 --startdelay=0 --ioengine=psync\n
","path":["Benchmarking"],"tags":[]},{"location":"benchmarking/#read","level":4,"title":"Read","text":"
$ fio --name=readtest --filename=/mnt/mergerfs/16GB.file --size=16Gb --rw=read --bs=1M --direct=1  --numjobs=1 --iodepth=8 --group_reporting --runtime=60 --startdelay=0 --ioengine=psync\n
","path":["Benchmarking"],"tags":[]},{"location":"benchmarking/#other-benchmarks","level":3,"title":"Other Benchmarks","text":"

If you are attempting to benchmark other behaviors you must ensure you clear kernel caches before runs. In fact it would be a good deal to run before the read and write benchmarks as well just in case.

sync\necho 3 | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches\n
","path":["Benchmarking"],"tags":[]},{"location":"benchmarking/#additional-reading","level":2,"title":"Additional Reading","text":"
  • Tweaking Performance
  • Options
  • Tips and Notes
","path":["Benchmarking"],"tags":[]},{"location":"error_handling_and_logging/","level":1,"title":"Error Handling and Logging","text":"","path":["Error Handling and Logging"],"tags":[]},{"location":"error_handling_and_logging/#error-handling","level":2,"title":"Error Handling","text":"

POSIX filesystem functions typically work on singular items and return singular errors. This means that there is some complication when dealing with multiple files or behaviors that are required in mergerfs.

mergerfs tries to handle errors in a way that would generally return meaningful values for that particular function.

","path":["Error Handling and Logging"],"tags":[]},{"location":"error_handling_and_logging/#filesystem-functions","level":3,"title":"Filesystem Functions","text":"","path":["Error Handling and Logging"],"tags":[]},{"location":"error_handling_and_logging/#chmod-chown-removexattr-setxattr-truncate-utimens","level":4,"title":"chmod, chown, removexattr, setxattr, truncate, utimens","text":"
  1. if no errors: return 0 (success)
  2. if no successes: return first error
  3. if one of the files acted on was the same as the related search function: return its value
  4. return 0 (success)

While doing this increases the complexity and cost of error handling, particularly step 3, this provides probably the most reasonable return value.

","path":["Error Handling and Logging"],"tags":[]},{"location":"error_handling_and_logging/#unlink-rmdir","level":4,"title":"unlink, rmdir","text":"
  1. if no errors: return 0 (success)
  2. return first error

Older versions of mergerfs would return success if any success occurred but for unlink and rmdir there are downstream assumptions that, while not impossible to occur in more traditional situation, can confuse some software.

","path":["Error Handling and Logging"],"tags":[]},{"location":"error_handling_and_logging/#open-create","level":4,"title":"open, create","text":"

For create and open where a single file is targeted the return value of the equivalent final call is returned.

If the error returned is EROFS, indicating the filesystem is in fact read-only, mergerfs will mark the branch RO and rerun the policy. This typically will only happen with ext4 when the filesystem is found to have corruption and the OS remounts the filesystem as read-only to protect it. In that situation the filesystem does not otherwise indicate that it is read-only as it would if mounted with ro.

","path":["Error Handling and Logging"],"tags":[]},{"location":"error_handling_and_logging/#others","level":4,"title":"others","text":"

For search functions, there is always a single thing acted on and as such whatever return value that comes from the single function call is returned.

For create functions mkdir, mknod, and symlink which don't return a file descriptor and therefore can have all or epall policies it will return success if any of the calls succeed and an error otherwise.

","path":["Error Handling and Logging"],"tags":[]},{"location":"error_handling_and_logging/#branches-disappearing-reappearing","level":2,"title":"Branches disappearing / reappearing","text":"

This is not an error condition. mergerfs works on paths. Not mounts. There is currently no assumption or active inspection of the branch path provided at runtime. Nor does it keep its own open file descriptors that would prevent an unused filesystem from being unmounted. If a filesystem disappears for any reason mergerfs will simply continue on behaving as it would normally. As if you never mounted that filesystem into that location. If a branch path no longer exists the branch is simply skipped by policies.

If you wish to keep the branch path from being used when a branch path's intended filesystem disappears then make the directory difficult or impossible to use.

chown root:root /mnt/mountpoint/\nchmod 0000 /mnt/mountpoint/\nchattr +i /mnt/mountpoint/\n

You can still mount to that directory but you will not be able to write to it. Even as root. Note that chattr works on limited filesystems. Mainly ext4.

","path":["Error Handling and Logging"],"tags":[]},{"location":"error_handling_and_logging/#logging","level":2,"title":"Logging","text":"

Filesystems, and therefore mergerfs, are doing lots of small actions at high speed. It simply isn't reasonable to log all the actions of the system all the time. However, there is a debug mode which can be toggled on as needed, even at runtime, which will record some information to help with debugging. The main thing it will record is a trace of all FUSE messages to the location defined by the log.file option. See config section for more details.

That said even with debug mode disabled mergerfs will log certain details via syslog which on systemd based systems can be viewed by running:

journalctl -t mergerfs\n
","path":["Error Handling and Logging"],"tags":[]},{"location":"extended_usage_patterns/","level":1,"title":"Extended Usage Patterns","text":"","path":["Extended Usage Patterns"],"tags":[]},{"location":"extended_usage_patterns/#tiered-cache","level":2,"title":"tiered cache","text":"

Some storage technologies support what is called \"tiered\" caching. The placing of smaller, faster storage as a transparent cache to larger, slower storage. NVMe, SSD, or Optane in front of traditional HDDs for instance.

mergerfs does not natively support any sort of tiered caching currently. The truth is for many users a cache would have little or no advantage over reading and writing directly. They would be bottlenecked by their network, internet connection, or limited size of the cache. However, there are a few situations where a tiered cache setup could help.

  1. Fast network, slow filesystems, many readers: You've a 10Gbps+ network with many readers and your regular filesystems can't keep up.
  2. Fast network, slow filesystems, small'ish bursty writes: You have a 10Gbps+ network and wish to transfer amounts of data less than your cache filesystem but wish to do so quickly and the time between bursts is long enough to migrate data.

With #1 it's arguable if you should be using mergerfs at all. A RAID level that can aggregate performance or using higher performance storage would probably be the better solution. If you're going to use mergerfs there are other tactics that may help: spreading the data across filesystems (see the mergerfs.dup tool) and setting func.open=rand or using dm-cache or a similar technology to add tiered cache to the underlying device itself.

With #2 one could use a block cache solution as available via LVM and dm-cache but there is another solution which requires only mergerfs, a script to move files around, and a cron job to run said script.

  • Create two mergerfs pools. One which includes just the slow branches and one which has both the fast branches (SSD,NVME,etc.) and slow branches. The base pool and the cache pool.
  • The cache pool should have the cache branches listed first in the branch list in order to to make it easier to prioritize them.
  • The best create policies to use for the cache pool would probably be ff, lus, or lfs. The latter two under the assumption that the cache filesystem(s) are far smaller than the backing filesystems.
  • You can also set the slow branches' mode to NC which would give you the ability to use other create policies though that'd mean if the cache filesystems fill you'd get \"out of space\" errors. This however may be good as it would indicate the script moving files around is not configured properly.
  • Set your programs to use the cache pool.
  • Configure the base pool with the create policy you would like to lay out files as you like.
  • Use monstermuffin's mergerfs-cache-mover, one of the scripts below, or create your own. The script's responsibility is to move files from the cache branches (not pool) to the base pool.
  • Use cron (as root) to schedule the command at whatever frequency is appropriate for your workflow.

NOTE: Due to the additional overhead it is not recommended to nest or otherwise create hierarchies of mergerfs pools. It will work but the latency increases will further harm performance. Even when using passthrough IO or other features.

","path":["Extended Usage Patterns"],"tags":[]},{"location":"extended_usage_patterns/#time-based-expiring","level":3,"title":"time based expiring","text":"

NOTE: this script is an example, not particularly efficient, and really not intended for production deployments. Until such time that mergerfs provides tooling for this usecase consider using mergerfs-cache-mover.

Move files from cache filesystem to base pool which have an access time older than the supplied number of days. Replace -atime with -amin in the script if you want minutes rather than days.

NOTE: The arguments to these scripts include the cache filesystem itself. Not the pool with the cache filesystem. You could have data loss if the source is the cache pool.

mergerfs.time-based-mover

Download: 

curl -o /usr/local/bin/mergerfs.time-based-mover https://raw.githubusercontent.com/trapexit/mergerfs/refs/heads/latest-release/tools/mergerfs.time-based-mover\n

crontab entry: 

# m h  dom mon dow   command\n0 * * * * /usr/local/bin/mergerfs.time-based-mover /mnt/ssd/cache00 /mnt/base-pool 1\n

If you have more than one cache filesystem then simply add a cron entry for each.

If you want to only move files from a subdirectory then use the subdirectories. /mnt/ssd/cache00/foo and /mnt/base-pool/foo respectively.

","path":["Extended Usage Patterns"],"tags":[]},{"location":"extended_usage_patterns/#percentage-full-expiring","level":3,"title":"percentage full expiring","text":"

NOTE: this script is an example, not particularly efficient, and really not intended for production deployments. Until such time that mergerfs provides tooling for this usecase consider using mergerfs-cache-mover.

While the cache filesystem's percentage full is above the provided value move the oldest file from the cache filesystem to the base pool.

NOTE: The arguments to these scripts include the cache filesystem itself. Not the pool with the cache filesystem. You could have data loss if the source is the cache pool.

mergerfs.percent-full-mover

Download: 

curl -o /usr/local/bin/mergerfs.percent-full-mover https://raw.githubusercontent.com/trapexit/mergerfs/refs/heads/latest-release/tools/mergerfs.percent-full-mover\n

crontab entry: 

# m h  dom mon dow   command\n0 * * * * /usr/local/bin/mergerfs.percent-full-mover /mnt/ssd/cache00 /mnt/base-pool 80\n

If you have more than one cache filesystem then simply add a cron entry for each.

If you want to only move files from a subdirectory then use the subdirectories. /mnt/ssd/cache00/foo and /mnt/base-pool/foo respectively.

","path":["Extended Usage Patterns"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/","level":1,"title":"Intro to Filesystems","text":"

!! WORK IN PROGRESS !!

mergerfs is a union filesystem that manages other filesystems. To understand how mergerfs works and what the features do and mean you must understand at least the basics of how filesystems work. Much of the confusion with mergerfs is based in a lack of knowledge about filesystems. This section of the documentation is provide a primer for those needing that knowledge.

","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/#terminology","level":2,"title":"Terminology","text":"
  • filesystem: A method, data structures, and API used to organize and store files on computer storage devices. Often in a tree like structure / hierarchy.
  • file: A named collection of data stored as a unique object. Filesystems can have numerous file types and \"file\" can be used to reference any of those types or a \"regular\" file.
  • regular file: A file as commonly understood as a named collection of data.
  • directory: A container which holds files and, typically, other directories. In Unix/Linux/POSIX filesystems a directory is technically also a file.
  • root filesystem: The primary filesystem for which other filesystems within a system are mounted.
  • root directory: The top-level directory in POSIX and POSIX-like filesystems. Denoted by \"/\".
  • path: The location of a file within a filesystem hierarchy.
  • inode: A unique integer identifier for a file. Like a primary key. Also used to refer to the underlying data structure which stores metadata about the file.
  • link: A reference to an inode in the form of a name. An inode may have 0 to N links.
  • symlink: A file type which stores data that may, but is not required to, be a path to another file.
  • device id: A runtime, unique identification value assigned to a filesystem.
  • mount point: The directory where a filesystem is \"mounted\" or presented within a directory hierarchy.
  • permissions: Access rights for files.
  • owner: System user which has rights to a file.
  • file descriptor: A handle used by software, provided by the operating system, to reference open files.
  • mmap: A way to abstract access to a file by making it appear as a region of memory.
","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/#files","level":2,"title":"Files","text":"

In POSIX filesystems there are several types of files. Interacting with them is often similar but they offer different capabilities.

","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/#types","level":3,"title":"Types","text":"
  • regular: The typical file type. An array of data which can be randomly accessed.
  • directory: A container which holds other files including other directories allowing for a tree like layout.
  • symlink: A special file which can store a limited amount of data, typically a file path, which may be transparently interpreted by some filesystem functions as a path. symlinks do not need to be a valid path or a path at all. They can be used as a key/value like storage mechanism for instance.
  • character device: A special file typically representing some physical or logical hardware device offering, typically, an unbuffered byte stream based interface.
  • block device: A special file which represents a physical or logical hardware device (typically storage) allowing for buffered, fixed-size blocks data transfers.
  • fifo: Also referred to as a \"named pipe.\" A FIFO, First In, First Out, is a special file which acts as a non-persistent, unidirectional conduit for data.
  • unix domain socket: Also referred to as a \"local socket\" or \"IPC socket\" a \"UDS\" works similar to a FIFO but bidirectional and offering more features similar to TCP/IP or UDP/IP but local to the system.
","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/#inodes","level":3,"title":"inodes","text":"

The inode in practical terms is the file within a POSIX filesystem. It is, typically, a unique identifier within a filesystem similar to a primary key, represented as a 32 or 64bit integer, which is what the typical user imagines as the file and its metadata (ownership, permissions, type, internal filesystem details, etc.).

\"typically unique\" because some filesystems, such as FUSE based ones, may reuse an inode value for multiple logical files despite them being separate entities in the traditional sense. From the user's perspective multiple files may have the same inode but as mentioned above the inode is the true reference for a file and the \"file\" people interact with is really a link (see below.)

","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/#links-names","level":3,"title":"links / names","text":"

To make inodes more useful and accessible POSIX filesystems provide \"links\". A link (or sometimes referred to as \"hardlink\") is a file name which references an inode. A single inode can be referenced by multiple links (except for directories typically.) If the number of links to an inode reach zero, and no programs have the inode actively in use, the filesystem will logically remove the inode/file.

When a regular file is first created think of it as the filesystem first creating the underlying structure, assigning an inode, then creating a link (name) for it in one shot. When a file is \"link\"ed to in the future a new \"link\" / \"name\" is being created and referencing the source file which will then cause the \"nlink\" value within the inode, which holds a reference count of the number of links/names that inode has, to be increased by 1. This is why deleting a file is referred to as an \"unlink\". Technically you are requesting the removal of the \"link\" and once all the links to a file are removed/unlinked, and the file is not in active use, the filesystem will then logically remove the file.

Knowing the details above the API for POSIX filesystems is a little odd in that the programmer does not first create an inode then a link. Instead that is done together with no way to do the former alone despite being able to add additional links afterwards. Modern Linux filesystems do allow for this using the O_TMPFILE flag. Since there is no link on creation should the program which created the file then release the handle on that file the filesystem would see it has no references and remove it. To keep the temporary file around the program must explicitly create a link.

","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/#permissions","level":3,"title":"permissions","text":"

File permissions are a security mechanism and apply to all files and directories. They, in combination with ownership information, dictate who is allowed to read, write, and execute a file (as well as some other niche allowances and behaviors.)

While there are more advanced and complicated forms of permissioning the traditional POSIX permissions come in the form of 3 sets of 3 permissions (the read, write, and execute.) One set for the individual user owner of the file, one for the group owner, and one for \"others\".

Execute in POSIX systems indicates that a regular file is a piece of software and can be run (like a Windows \".exe\" file) and for directories means you are allowed to list the contents. A directory can be marked as \"read\" and not \"executable\" to allow users to access content within the directory but not list it in a soft form of security through obscurity. You must know the path and name of the file to read it and can not simply search for it.

","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/#ownership","level":3,"title":"ownership","text":"

Each file has 2 owner values. The individual user identifier and the group identifier. These values are the raw integer value known to the kernel and not the human readable user name or group name most people typically use. In fact the kernel has no awareness of the human readable identifiers. Those are managed entirely by userspace. This is why if you mount a filesystem on a different system with different users tools like ls may report different user names or only show integer values for owners because the value stored in the inode is \"1000\" and the name associated with integer 1000 on system A is different from system B (or may not exist at all.)

","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/#timestamps","level":3,"title":"timestamps","text":"
  • mtime: The time the file data was last modified. Can be explicitly modified.
  • ctime: The time the file metadata was last modified. Can not be modified.
  • atime: The time the file was last accessed. Note that Linux generally uses a heuristic to update atime so that it does not in fact have to write to the filesystem every time a file is accessed. Can be explicitly modified.
  • btime: The \"birth\" time of the file. Only available in certain filesystems and via a newer system call. Can not be modified.
","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/#functions","level":2,"title":"Functions","text":"
  • open():
  • creat():
  • close():
  • opendir():
  • readdir():
  • closedir():
  • mkdir():
  • link():
  • unlink():
  • symlink():
  • rename():
  • read():
  • write():
  • lseek():
  • tell():
  • stat():
","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/#workflows","level":2,"title":"Workflows","text":"

Filesystems tend to be misunderstood. A number of behaviors users are familiar with are actually high level concepts which are made up of numerous steps/functions. As a result high level context that users expect to be available to mergerfs when certain actions are taken and decisions made are in fact not available. Below are explanations of a number of those situations.

","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/#creating-a-file","level":3,"title":"Creating a file","text":"

Creating a file can range from a single call to a semi-complex procedure depending on the requirements and expectations of the calling application.

Most important to understand is that when a file is created there is very limited information needed / provided. The file path, some flags to control a bit how the file is created and if it is to be for reading and/or writing, and the permissions. mergerfs knows a bit more details like which user id is making the request and from what process but that is all the data immediately available. There is no size. The initial size is always zero. Any data that may be written to the file would come in the future via other function calls. The source of that data is completely unknown.

Keep in mind that while there exists this ability to create a file in a single call to the operating system that call has numerous aspects which my be exploitable by malicious software.

If software wishes to create a file in more secure manner it must do some form of the following.

  1. Attempt to open the directory where you wish to create the file.
  2. If that succeeds check the directory to ensure it is the directory you expect it to be. Checking ownership, permissions, perhaps existence of other files, the filesystem, etc.
  3. Using the handle to the directory, attempt to open the file using a flag which make the open fail should a file name/link already exist with that same name. Also set the permissions to the absolute minimum possible to ensure no interference from others.
  4. If it succeeds then continue on with whatever you had planned. If it fails try to unlink the unexpected file and try again at step 3. If it fails multiple times then something is suspicious and the program should stop trying to create the file and report an error.

The above can be made even more involved as you will see below.

","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/#reading-or-writing-to-a-file","level":3,"title":"Reading or writing to a file","text":"

To write:

  1. Assuming the file is already created/opened...
  2. Allocate memory to hold a portion of the data.
  3. Fill the memory with the data to write from wherever it may come from. Another file, network, programmatically generated, etc.
  4. Call write() function on the open file pointing to the memory to write and how much to write.
  5. The kernel will take the request and attempt it. On success it will report back to the program how much was written from 1 byte to the amount requested. A write of fewer than the requested amount is called a short write.
  6. If a short write occurred the program must then adjust the data to ensure it doesn't write the same data again and lower the amount to write by the previously written amount and attempt another write. Continuing this till there is nothing left to write. A short write could also mean that the filesystem has no more available space and following write requests may fail completely.
  7. Go back to step 2 or 3 and do it all again with any additional data to write.
  8. If at any time there is an error it may be necessary to query the size of the file or other details to know how to continue depending on the needs of the program.

Reading is similar and short reads are also possible.

","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/#copying-a-file","level":3,"title":"Copying a file","text":"

The \"proper\" way to copy a file is quite involved.

  1. Open the source file. Do so with certain flags to ensure it is the type of file you expect. You may also need to perform a similar \"open directory, check things out, then open file\" workflow as mentioned above for security purposes.
  2. stat the file to get its metadata such as the file size, timestamps, etc.
  3. Securely open a file as described previously. The name of the file should not be that of the destination but a temporary file name with some amount of randomness. Often also making it \"hidden\" by prepending a \".\" to it.
  4. In a loop read data from the source file and write it to the temporary file as described above. There are some platform specific ways to copy the data which may be tried first such as FICLONE/reflink which takes advantage of CoW (copy-on-write) filesystem features. Falling back to the read then write loop if necessary.
  5. Request a list of all the extended attribute keys from the source file and one by one query the value. For each key value pair attempt to write it to the destination file.
  6. Request file attributes from the source file and write them to the destination file but first filtering out flags such as \"immutable\" as that would make it impossible to make further changes.
  7. Using the details captured in step 2 change the ownership to the destination file to match the source.
  8. Using the details captured in step 2 change the permissions (mode) of the destination file to match the source.
  9. Using the details captured in step 2 change the mtime and atime of the destination to match the source.
  10. Query the source file's metadata again as in step 2. Using those details as well as those from step 2 check the source file to see if it may have changed since the copy procedure started. If it had determine the changes and go back to step 4. Perhaps unlinking the temporary file and going back to step 2.
  11. Ensure the data and metadata are flushed to the storage device by calling appropriate sync functions.
  12. rename the file from the temporary name to the destination name.
  13. If the file had a special flag such as the immutable attribute set then set such attribute.
  14. Close the destination and source files.

There can be additional steps too depending on the platform, available features, and safety concerns. For instance it might be possible to put a lock or lease on the source file to limit possibility of changes while the copy occurs.

","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/#moving-a-file","level":3,"title":"Moving a file","text":"

The moving of a file is similar to copying a file.

  1. Attempt a rename between source and destination. If it succeeds, done. Note that the rename itself may require setup similar to securely opening or creating a file. IE... requiring the opening of the source and destination directories, confirming they are what is expected, then issuing the actual rename.
  2. If it fails... perform a copy of the file as described above.
  3. After the rename and close'ing of the copy unlink the source file.
","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"intro_to_filesystems/#summary","level":3,"title":"Summary","text":"

As seen in the above descriptions these high level concepts users perceive are in fact involved sets of steps with loops and conditional behaviors. All leveraging low level functions which alone have very little context. For instance: there is no practical way of knowing a file is being copied or from where. There is no way to decide at creation time what to do based on size because its size doesn't exist yet. Even making a decision based on the destination file name is complicated by the fact that \"well written\" software will create randomly named temporary files and then rename the file. Only at rename would you know the name as the end user chose and at that point it may be too late.

","path":["Intro to Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/","level":1,"title":"Known Issues and Bugs","text":"","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#mergerfs","level":2,"title":"mergerfs","text":"","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#freebsd-version","level":3,"title":"FreeBSD version","text":"
  • https://wiki.freebsd.org/FUSEFS
  • FreeBSD does not have per thread credentials nor Linux capabilities like abilities meaning it runs as root and has to create files as root then chown them rather than changing credentials and creating the file as the uid:gid.
  • FreeBSD does not have getdents like APIs for reading directories. As a result it uses traditional readdir.
  • FreeBSD's FUSE implementation is lacking many features of the Linux version.
    • runtime interface
    • ioctl support
    • IO passthrough
    • statx
    • lazy umount
    • oom_score_adj
    • fuse-msg-size
    • kernel symlink caching
    • kernel readdir caching
    • writeback caching
    • idmap
    • ...
","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#host-vs-container-identity","level":4,"title":"Host vs Container identity","text":"

While not a bug some users have found when using containers that supplemental groups defined inside the container don't work as expected. Since mergerfs (typically) lives outside the container it is querying the host's supplemental group database. Containers have their own user and group definitions unless setup otherwise just as different systems would.

Users should mount in the host group file into the containers or use a standard shared user and groups technology like NIS or LDAP.

If using Docker or Podman containers with mergerfs running outside then you can pass in /etc/passwd and /etc/group.

docker run \\\n  -v /etc/passwd:/etc/passwd:ro \\\n  -v /etc/group:/etc/group:ro \\\n  -u $(id -u):$(id -g) \\\n  -v /data:/data \\\n  containerimage\n
","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#directory-mtime-is-not-being-updated","level":3,"title":"directory mtime is not being updated","text":"

Remember that the default policy for getattr is ff. The information for the first directory found will be returned. If it wasn't the directory which had been updated then it will appear outdated.

The reason this is the default is because any other policy would be more expensive and for many applications it is unnecessary. To always return the directory with the most recent mtime or a faked value based on all found would require a scan of all filesystems.

If you always want the directory information from the one with the most recent mtime then use the newest policy for getattr.

","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#mv-mntpoolfoo-mntdisk1foo-removes-foo","level":3,"title":"'mv /mnt/pool/foo /mnt/disk1/foo' removes 'foo'","text":"

This is not a bug.

Run in verbose mode to better understand what's happening:

$ mv -v /mnt/pool/foo /mnt/disk1/foo\ncopied '/mnt/pool/foo' -> '/mnt/disk1/foo'\nremoved '/mnt/pool/foo'\n$ ls /mnt/pool/foo\nls: cannot access '/mnt/pool/foo': No such file or directory\n

mv, when working across devices, is copying the source to target and then removing the source. Since the source is the target in this case, depending on the unlink policy, it will remove the just copied file and other files across the branches.

If you want to move files to one filesystem just copy them there and use mergerfs.dedup to clean up the old paths or manually remove them from the branches directly.

","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#cached-memory-appears-greater-than-it-should-be","level":3,"title":"cached memory appears greater than it should be","text":"

Use cache.files=off and/or dropcacheonclose=true. See the section on page caching.

","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#3rd-party-software","level":2,"title":"3rd Party Software","text":"","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#software-using-mmap","level":3,"title":"Software using mmap","text":"
  • software using sqlite3 w/ mmap
    • Plex (for config, not media)
    • Jellyfin (for config, not media)
    • Emby (for config, not media)
    • Radarr
    • Sonarr
    • Lidarr
  • other
    • rtorrent
    • qbittorrent (with 'Disk IO type = Memory mapped files')

mmap is a filesystem and operating system feature allowing files to be interacted with as if it was normal memory. Support for mmap is required by a number of projects. FUSE (and therefore mergerfs), in order to support mmap, requires page caching to be enabled. IE cache.files must not be set to off (if using Linux before v6.6 or mergerfs before v2.41.0.) In newer versions of mergerfs and Linux off will work as it can now auto enable page caching (and therefore mmap) as needed.

When mmap is needed but not available you may see ENODEV or No such device errors though it will depend on the particular software.

Details on enabling mmap can be found at:

  • QuickStart
  • Config > cache.files

That said it is recommended that config and runtime files be stored on SSDs on a regular filesystem for performance reasons. See What should mergerfs NOT be used for?. Though with passthrough.io enabled that is less of a concern.

Technically sqlite3 does not require mmap, and in fact the default is not to use it, but many programs enable the feature and provide no error handling when not supported. Ideally the software would catch the error and use traditional IO instead. Not only is it more compatible but could also be more performant in certain situations.

","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#qbittorrent","level":3,"title":"qbittorrent","text":"

Same mmap concerns as mentioned above but called out specifically due to regularity of queries.

The default \"Disk IO type\" setting is \"Memory mapped files\" which means it requires mmap support.

If qbittorrent errors when using mergerfs ensure that either \"Disk IO type\" is set to \"POSIX-compliant\" or \"Simple pread/pwrite\"; or setup mergerfs to support mmap.

References:

  • Software using mmap
  • QuickStart
  • Config > cache.files
","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#rsync","level":3,"title":"rsync","text":"

This isn't specific to mergerfs but when using --sparse, -S option with rsync the block size used to read and write data changes from 256KiB to 1KiB. This significantly impacts performance.

","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#backup-software","level":3,"title":"backup software","text":"

Some software, like borgbackup and others, leverage inodes as one of a number of metrics to notice changes in files. Depending on how inode generation is configured it is possible that the same file may have different inodes one mount to another and as such interfere with the expected stability of the value. In such cases you may need to disable the use of the inode in the software if possible or change the inodecalc setting if possible.

Generally speaking, in modern setups where there are many non-fully compliant POSIX filesystems in use, reliance on inode to have a specific meaning is not always reasonable. FUSE, for instance, has no requirement that inode values need to be unique or that two files that happen to be the same underlying file have the same inode.

","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#nfs-clients-returning-estale-stale-file-handle","level":3,"title":"NFS clients returning ESTALE / Stale file handle","text":"

NFS generally does not like out of band changes. Take a look at the section on NFS in the remote-filesystems for more details.

","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#my-32bit-software-has-problems","level":3,"title":"my 32bit software has problems","text":"

Some software have problems with 64bit inode values. The symptoms can include EOVERFLOW errors when trying to list files. You can address this by setting inodecalc to one of the 32bit based algos as described in the relevant section.

","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#moving-files-and-directories-fails-with-samba","level":3,"title":"Moving files and directories fails with Samba","text":"

Workaround: Copy the file/directory and then remove the original rather than move.

This isn't an issue with Samba but some SMB clients. GVFS-fuse v1.20.3 and prior (found in Ubuntu 14.04 among others) failed to handle certain error codes correctly. Particularly STATUS_NOT_SAME_DEVICE which comes from the EXDEV that is returned by rename when the call is crossing mount points. When a program gets an EXDEV it needs to explicitly take an alternate action to accomplish its goal. In the case of mv or similar it tries rename and on EXDEV falls back to a copying the file to the destination and deleting the source. In these older versions of GVFS-fuse if it received EXDEV it would translate that into EIO. This would cause mv or most any application attempting to move files around on that SMB share to fail with a generic IO error.

GVFS-fuse v1.22.0 and above fixed this issue but a large number of systems use the older release. On Ubuntu, the version can be checked by issuing apt-cache showpkg gvfs-fuse. Most distros released in 2015 seem to have the updated release and will work fine but older systems may not. Upgrading gvfs-fuse or the distro in general will address the problem.

In Apple's MacOSX 10.9 they replaced Samba (client and server) with their own product. It appears their new client does not handle EXDEV either and responds similarly to older releases of gvfs on Linux.

","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#trashing-files-occasionally-fails","level":3,"title":"Trashing files occasionally fails","text":"

This is the same issue as with Samba. rename returns EXDEV (in our case that will really only happen with path preserving policies like epmfs) and the software doesn't handle the situation well. This is unfortunately a common failure of software which moves files around. The standard indicates that an implementation MAY choose to support non-user home directory trashing of files (which is a MUST). The implementation MAY also support \"top directory trashes\" which many probably do.

To create a $topdir/.Trash directory as defined in the standard use the mergerfs-tools tool mergerfs.mktrash.

","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#fuse-and-linux-kernel","level":2,"title":"FUSE and Linux kernel","text":"

There have been a number of kernel issues / bugs over the years which mergerfs users have run into. Here is a list of them for reference and posterity.

","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#nfs-and-eio-errors","level":3,"title":"NFS and EIO errors","text":"

https://lore.kernel.org/linux-fsdevel/20240228160213.1988854-1-mszeredi@redhat.com/T/

Over the years some users have reported that while exporting mergerfs via NFS, after significant filesystem activity, not only will the NFS client start returning ESTALE and EIO errors but mergerfs itself would start returning EIO errors. The problem was that no one could reliability reproduce the issue. After a string of reports in late 2023 and early 2024 more investigation was done.

In Linux 5.14 new validation was put into FUSE which caught a few invalid situations and would tag a FUSE node as invalid if a check failed. Such checks include invalid file type, changing of type from one request to another, a size greater than 63bit, and the generation of a inode changing while in use.

What happened was that mergerfs was using a different fixed, non-zero value for the generation of all nodes as it was suggested that unique inode + generation pairs are needed for proper integration with NFS. That non-zero value was being sent back to the kernel when a lookup request was made for root. The reason this was hard to track down was because NFS almost uniquely uses an API which can lead to a lookup of the root node that simply won't happen under normal workloads and usage. And that lookup will only happen if child nodes of the root were forgotten but NFS still had a handle to that node and later asked for details about it. It would trigger a set of requests to lookup info on those nodes.

This wasn't a bug in FUSE but mergerfs. However, the incorrect behavior of mergerfs lead to FUSE behave in an unexpected and incorrect manner. It would issue a lookup of the \"parent of a child of the root\" and mergerfs would send the invalid generation value. As a result the kernel would mark the root node as \"bad\" which would then trigger the kernel to issue a \"forget root\" message. In between those it would issue a request for the parent of the root... which doesn't exist.

So the kernel was doing two invalid things. Requesting the parent of the root and then when that failed issuing a forget for the root. These led to chasing after the wrong possible causes.

The change was for FUSE to revert the marking of root node bad if the generation is non-zero and warn about it. It will mark the node bad but not unhash/forget/remove it.

mergerfs in v2.40.1 ensures that generation for root is always 0 on lookup which should work across any kernel version.

","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#truncated-files","level":3,"title":"Truncated files","text":"

This was a bug with mmap and FUSE on 32bit platforms. Should be fixed in all LTS releases.

  • https://marc.info/?l=linux-fsdevel&m=155550785230874&w=2
","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#crashing-on-openvz","level":3,"title":"Crashing on OpenVZ","text":"

There was a bug in the OpenVZ kernel with regard to how it handles ioctl calls. It was making invalid requests which would lead to crashes due to mergerfs not expecting them.

  • https://bugs.openvz.org/browse/OVZ-7145
  • https://www.mail-archive.com/devel@openvz.org/msg37096.html
","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#really-bad-mmap-performance","level":3,"title":"Really bad mmap performance","text":"

There was a bug in caching which affects overall performance of mmap through FUSE in Linux 4.x kernels. It is fixed in 4.4.10 and 4.5.4.

  • https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/3/16/260
  • https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/5/11/59
","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"known_issues_bugs/#heavy-load-and-memory-pressure-leads-to-kernel-panic","level":3,"title":"Heavy load and memory pressure leads to kernel panic","text":"
  • https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/9/14/527
  • https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/10/4/1
  • https://www.theregister.com/2016/10/05/linus_torvalds_admits_buggy_crap_made_it_into_linux_48/
","path":["Known Issues and Bugs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"media_and_publicity/","level":1,"title":"Media and Publicity","text":"","path":["Media and Publicity"],"tags":[]},{"location":"media_and_publicity/#tutorials-articles","level":2,"title":"Tutorials / Articles","text":"
  • 2016-02-02 - Linuxserver.io: The Perfect Media Server 2016
  • 2016-08-31 - ZackReed.me: Mergerfs – another good option to pool your SnapRAID disks
  • 2016-11-06 - Linuxserver.io: Revisiting the HP ProLiant Gen8 G1610T Microserver
  • 2017-01-17 - Setting up mergerfs on JBOD's (or a poor mans storage array)
  • 2017-06-24 - Linuxserver.io: The Perfect Media Server 2017
  • 2018-02-19 - Teknophiles: Disk Pooling in Linux with mergerFS
  • 2018-02-20 - Fortes.com: Using Rclone and MergerFS together across drives
  • 2019-02-10 - Medium: Migrating from ZFS to MergerFS and SnapRAID at home
  • 2019-04-24 - MichaelXander.com: DIY NAS with OMV, SnapRAID, MergerFS, and Disk Encryption
  • 2019-07-16 - Linuxserver.io: The Perfect Media Server - 2019 Edition
  • 2019-09-10 - Rclone VFS and MergerFS Setup
  • 2019-12-20 - NetworkShinobi.com: SnapRAID and MergerFS on OpenMediaVault
  • 2020-01-14 - Brandon Rozek's Blog
  • 2020-02-14 - SelfHostedHome.com: Combining Different Sized Drives with mergerfs and SnapRAID
  • 2020-05-01 - FedoraMagazine.org: Using mergerfs to increase your virtual storage
  • 2020-08-20 - Setting up Rclone, Mergerfs and Crontab for automated cloud storage
  • 2020-11-22 - Introducing… MergerFS – My FREE UNRAID alternative
  • 2020-12-30 - Perfect Media Server (a new site with docs fully fleshing out the 'Perfect Media Server' blog series)
  • 2021-07-24 - Building the Ultimate Linux Home Server - Part 1: Intro, MergerFS, and SnapRAID
  • 2021-10-31 - Better Home Storage: MergerFS + SnapRAID on OpenMediaVault
  • 2021-11-28 - Linux Magazine: Come Together - Merging file systems for a simple NAS with MergerFS
  • 2022-06-04 - MergerFS + SnapRaid Study
  • 2022-12-31 - Merge Storages in CasaOS: A secret beta feature you know now
  • 2023-02-03 - (MergerFS + SnapRAID) is the new RAID 5
  • 2024-02-07 - Designing & Deploying MANS - A Hybrid NAS Approach with SnapRAID, MergerFS, and OpenZFS
  • 2024-03-11 - Using MergerFS to combine multiple hard drives into one unified media storage
  • 2024-12-20 - Pooling multiple drives on my Raspberry Pi with mergerfs
  • 2026-01-03 - NAS-2026 | MergerFS and SnapRAID
","path":["Media and Publicity"],"tags":[]},{"location":"media_and_publicity/#videos","level":2,"title":"Videos","text":"
  • 2017-06-23 - Alex Kretzschmar: Part 1 - Perfect Media Server 2017 - Introduction
  • 2017-06-24 - Alex Kretzschmar: Part 2 - Perfect Media server 2017 - Installing Debian 9 Stretch
  • 2017-06-24 - Alex Kretzschmar: Part 3 - Perfect Media Server 2017 - Install MergerFS and setting up your drives
  • 2017-06-24 - Alex Kretzschmar: Part 4 - Perfect Media Server 2017 - Installing Docker
  • 2017-06-24 - Alex Kretzschmar: Part 5 - Perfect Media Server 2017 - Installing and Automating SnapRAID
  • 2017-06-24 - Alex Kretzschmar: Part 6 - Perfect Media Server 2017 -Turning your server into a NAS with Samba and NFS
  • 2017-06-24 - Alex Kretzschmar: Part 7 - Perfect Media Server 2017 - Managing your apps with docker-compose
  • 2017-06-24 - Alex Kretzschmar: Part 8 - Perfect Media Server 2017 - Manging your server using a web UI (Cockpit and Portainer)
  • 2018-04-24 - ElectronicsWizardy: How to setup a Linux Fileserver with Snapraid and Mergerfs Re-Export
  • 2019-03-01 - Snapraid and Unionfs: Advanced Array Options on Openmediavault (Better than ZFS and Unraid)
  • 2019-03-22 - Gamexplicit: The Perfect Plex Media Server 2019! Part 1 (Hardware)
  • 2019-05-13 - Gamexplicit: The Perfect Plex Media Server 2019! Part 2 (Ubuntu Server 18.04.2 LTS)
  • 2019-05-20 - Gamexplicit: The Perfect Plex Media Server 2019! Part 3 (SnapRaid, Samba, Plex)
  • 2020-08-23 - Installing OpenMediaVault and SnapRAID and UnionFS (mergerfs)
  • 2021-06-07 - I ditched TrueNAS for MergerFS - Chia Plot Storage
  • 2021-08-03 - Install and configure mergerfs to merge more than one folder in the same place
  • 2021-08-10 - Instalando e configurando mergerfs para unir mais de uma pasta no mesmo lugar
  • 2021-08-13 - Let's Convert an Old Laptop to a NAS - What you should do
  • 2021-08-17 - How to Combine Multiple Disks as One by using MergerFS | Ubuntu 20.04 LTS
  • 2021-08-20 - Vamos converter um Laptop antigo para um NAS – O que você deve fazer
  • 2021-10-29 - Unlimited space for your Plex using Rclone to connect to your Cloud
  • 2022-12-01 - Make Your Home Server Go FAST! SSD Caching, 10Gbit Networking, etc.
  • 2022-12-07 - Best RAID for mixed drive sizes. Unraid vs BTRFS vs Snapraid+Mergerfs vs Storage spaces.
  • 2023-02-21 - MergerFS + SnapRAID : Forget about RAID 5 in your Home Server !
  • 2023-06-26 - How to install and setup MergerFS
  • 2023-07-31 - How to recover a dead drive using Snapraid
  • 2024-01-05 - OpenMediaVault MergerFS Tutorial (Portuguese)
  • 2024-02-19 - Setup and Install MergerFS and SnapRAID (Part 1)
  • 2024-02-22 - Setup and Install MergerFS and SnapRAID (Part 2)
  • 2024-05-29 - Building a 26TB Offsite Backup Server! ft. Tailscale
  • 2024-11-15 - Meu servidor NAS - Parte 18: Recuperando um HD, recuperando o MergerFS e os próximos passos do NAS!
  • 2025-04-23 - How to build the Perfect Media Server | Part 1 - The Tech Stack | mergerfs, SnapRAID, and docker.
  • 2025-06-12 - DIY Unraid-like functionality
  • 2025-09-22 - استفاده از Snapraid و MergerFS | جایگزین RAID5
  • 2026-02-10 - Never run out of space again! Using MergerFS with Immich to expand your storage seamlessly
","path":["Media and Publicity"],"tags":[]},{"location":"media_and_publicity/#podcasts","level":2,"title":"Podcasts","text":"
  • 2019-11-04 - Jupiter Extras: A Chat with mergerfs Developer Antonio Musumeci | Jupiter Extras 28
  • 2019-11-07 - Jupiter Broadcasting: ZFS Isn’t the Only Option | Self-Hosted 5
  • 2023-10-08 - Self Hosted Episode 105 - Sleeper Storage Technology
","path":["Media and Publicity"],"tags":[]},{"location":"media_and_publicity/#social-media","level":2,"title":"Social Media","text":"
  • Reddit
  • X
  • YouTube
  • ServeTheHome Forum
","path":["Media and Publicity"],"tags":[]},{"location":"performance/","level":1,"title":"Tweaking Performance","text":"

mergerfs is effectively a filesystem proxy and therefore its theoretical max performance is that of the underlying devices (ignoring caching performed by the kernel.) However, given it is a FUSE based filesystem working from userspace and it must combine the behavior and information from multiple underlying branches there can be an increase in overhead relative to other solutions. That said the performance of certain functions, such as IO, can match the theoretical max but it depends greatly on the system's configuration. There are many things which can impact performance. Device speeds and latency, network speeds and latency, concurrency and parallel limits of the hardware, read/write sizes, the number of branches, etc.

While some settings can impact performance they are all functional in nature. Meaning they change mergerfs' behavior in some way. As a result there is really no such thing as a \"performance mode\".

If you're having performance concerns please read over the benchmarking section of these docs and then the details below.

NOTE: Be sure to read about available features before changing them to understand how functionality will change.

  • test theoretical performance using nullrw or using a ram disk as a branch
  • enable passthrough.io (likely to have the biggest impact)
  • change read or process thread pools
  • change func.readdir
  • increase readahead: readahead=1024
  • disable security-capability and/or xattr
  • increase cache timeouts cache.attr, cache.entry, cache.negative-entry
  • toggle page caching
  • enable parallel-direct-writes
  • enable cache.statfs
  • enable cache.symlinks
  • enable cache.readdir
  • disable posix-acl
  • disable async-read
  • use symlinkify if your data is largely static and read-only
  • use tiered cache devices
  • use LVM and LVM cache to place a SSD in front of your HDDs
","path":["Tweaking Performance"],"tags":[]},{"location":"performance/#additional-reading","level":2,"title":"Additional Reading","text":"
  • Benchmarking
  • Options
  • Tips and Notes
","path":["Tweaking Performance"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/","level":1,"title":"Project Comparisons","text":"

There are no solutions, only trade-offs.

","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#mhddfs","level":2,"title":"mhddfs","text":"
  • https://romanrm.net/mhddfs

mhddfs is, like mergerfs, a FUSE-based filesystem which can pool multiple filesystems together.

mhddfs had not been updated in over a decade and has known stability and security issues. mergerfs provides a superset of mhddfs' features and offers better performance. As of 2020, the author of mhddfs has moved to using mergerfs.

  • Better than mergerfs for: legacy setups that already depend on mhddfs-specific behavior and do not need newer features.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: most modern deployments due to maintenance status, feature coverage, and reliability.

Below is an example of mhddfs and mergerfs setup to work similarly.

mhddfs -o mlimit=4G,allow_other /mnt/drive1,/mnt/drive2 /mnt/pool\n\nmergerfs -o minfreespace=4G,category.create=ff /mnt/drive1:/mnt/drive2 /mnt/pool\n
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#aufs","level":2,"title":"aufs","text":"
  • https://aufs.sourceforge.net
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufs

aufs, another union filesystem, is a kernel-based overlay filesystem with basic file creation placement policies.

Compared with mergerfs, aufs focuses on kernel-level overlay and copy-on-write behavior, while mergerfs focuses on userspace pooling of existing filesystems with richer branch placement policies.

aufs failed to be included in the mainline kernel and is no longer available in most Linux distros, making it harder to get installed for the average user. Development has been largely dormant for years.

While aufs can often offer better peak performance due to being primarily kernel-based (at least when passthrough.io is disabled in mergerfs), mergerfs provides more configurability and is generally easier to use. mergerfs, however, does not offer the overlay / copy-on-write (CoW) features which aufs has.

  • Better than mergerfs for: kernel-level overlay/CoW workloads where that behavior is required.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: users needing a widely packaged, actively-maintained, easy-to-deploy pooling solution.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#unionfs","level":2,"title":"unionfs","text":"
  • https://unionfs.filesystems.org

unionfs for Linux is a \"stackable unification file system\" which functions like many other union filesystems. It was last released for Linux v3.14 back in 2014.

Compared with mergerfs, unionfs is an older kernel union filesystem implementation while mergerfs is a modern, actively-maintained FUSE-based pooling filesystem with broader policy controls.

Documentation is sparse so a comparison of features is not possible but given the lack of maintenance and support for modern kernels there is little reason to consider it as a solution.

  • Better than mergerfs for: historical or legacy environments that already depend on this specific kernel unionfs behavior.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: practical modern deployments due to limited maintenance, aging kernel support, and sparse documentation.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#unionfs-fuse","level":2,"title":"unionfs-fuse","text":"
  • https://github.com/rpodgorny/unionfs-fuse

unionfs-fuse is a FUSE-based union filesystem focused on overlay behavior, including copy-on-write (CoW) style layering of writable content over read-only content.

Compared with mergerfs, unionfs-fuse's primary feature is overlay/CoW-style layering, while mergerfs' primary feature is policy-based pooling and placement across multiple regular writable filesystems.

Since unionfs-fuse, as the name suggests, is a FUSE-based technology it can be used without elevated privileges that kernel solutions such as unionfs, aufs, and overlayfs require.

  • Better than mergerfs for: overlay-style unions with copy-on-write semantics in userspace.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: flexible create-policy-based pooling of many writable filesystems.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#overlayfs","level":2,"title":"overlayfs","text":"
  • https://docs.kernel.org/filesystems/overlayfs.html

overlayfs is effectively the functional successor to unionfs, unionfs-fuse, and aufs and is widely used by Linux container platforms such as Docker and Podman. Both overlayfs and FUSE were originally created by Miklos Szeredi.

If your use case is layering a writable filesystem on top of read-only filesystems then you should look first to overlayfs. Its feature set however is very different from mergerfs and solves different problems.

  • Better than mergerfs for: container and image-layering workflows where copy-on-write semantics are central.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: heterogeneous pooling use cases that need flexible branch selection policies across many existing filesystems.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#raid0-jbod-span-drive-concatenation-striping","level":2,"title":"RAID0, JBOD, SPAN, drive concatenation, striping","text":"
  • RAID0
  • JBOD
  • SPAN
  • striping

These are block device technologies which, in some form, aggregate devices into what appears to be a single device on which a traditional filesystem can be used. The filesystem has no understanding of the underlying block layout and, should one of those underlying devices fail or be removed, the filesystem will be missing that chunk, which could contain critical information, and the whole filesystem may become unrecoverable. Even if the data from the filesystem is recoverable, doing so may require specialized tooling.

In contrast, with mergerfs you can format devices as you normally would, or take existing filesystems and combine them in a pool to aggregate their storage. The failure of any one device will have no impact on the other devices. The downside to mergerfs' approach is that you do not actually have contiguous space as large as you would with those other technologies. That means you cannot create a file larger than 1TB on a pool of two 1TB filesystems.

  • Better than mergerfs for: creating one contiguous block device and maximizing single-file size/performance characteristics.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: failure isolation and straightforward per-disk recovery when a device dies.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#raid5-raid6","level":2,"title":"RAID5, RAID6","text":"
  • RAID5
  • RAID6

RAID5, RAID6, and similar technologies aggregate multiple devices at the block level and provide one or more live parity schemes that can allow the pool to continue to run should one device fail and rebuild the data once the device is replaced.

mergerfs offers no parity or redundancy features so in that regard the technologies are not comparable. SnapRAID or NonRAID can be used in combination with mergerfs to provide redundancy. Unlike traditional RAID5 or RAID6 SnapRAID works with drives of different sizes and can have more than 2 parity drives. Parity calculations with SnapRAID are not done in real-time but NonRAID's are.

For more details and comparison of SnapRAID to related technologies see https://www.snapraid.it/compare.

  • Better than mergerfs for: live parity protection and continued array operation through configured disk failures.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: incremental mixed-size pooling with simple per-filesystem independence.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#lvm","level":2,"title":"LVM","text":"
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)
  • https://sourceware.org/lvm2

LVM is a block-level volume management system for Linux. It combines physical devices into volume groups and creates logical volumes on top, with features like snapshots, resizing, and thin provisioning.

Compared with mergerfs, LVM operates below the filesystem while mergerfs operates above filesystems. With LVM, filesystems are created on logical volumes and do not know about the underlying disks. If a linear or striped logical volume spans multiple disks and one disk fails, the filesystem can become unreadable. With mergerfs, each disk typically has its own independent filesystem, so a single disk failure affects only the data on that disk.

  • Better than mergerfs for: block-level features like thin provisioning, snapshots, and online resizing.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: incremental mixed-disk pooling where per-disk failure isolation and per-disk native access are priorities.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#mdadm","level":2,"title":"mdadm","text":"
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mdadm
  • https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/A_guide_to_mdadm

mdadm is Linux userspace tooling for configuring and managing software RAID arrays provided by the kernel md driver. It can build RAID0/1/4/5/6/10 and related layouts, monitor arrays, and handle rebuild workflows.

Like RAID technologies discussed above, mdadm arrays aggregate devices at the block layer and present one virtual device to a filesystem. That can provide performance and/or redundancy depending on RAID level, but it also means the filesystem depends on the array layout. mergerfs does not provide block-level RAID; it pools already-formatted filesystems and can be combined with tools like SnapRAID or NonRAID when redundancy is needed.

  • Better than mergerfs for: kernel software RAID with real-time redundancy and array-level performance tuning.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: flexible mixed-size drive pooling where per-filesystem independence and simple incremental expansion matter.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#device-mapper","level":2,"title":"device mapper","text":"
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_mapper
  • https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/device-mapper

Device mapper is a kernel framework for creating virtual block devices from one or more underlying devices. Technologies such as LVM, dm-crypt, dm-cache, dm-thin, and multipath are built on top of it.

Because device mapper works at the block layer, it is not directly comparable to mergerfs. It is complementary: you can use device mapper for block-level functionality (encryption, caching, thin provisioning, etc.) and then place filesystems on those devices, which mergerfs can later pool if desired.

  • Better than mergerfs for: block-layer transformations such as transparent encryption, caching, and provisioning features.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: presenting one unified pathname-level view across many independent, already-formatted filesystems.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#unraid","level":2,"title":"UnRAID","text":"
  • https://unraid.net

UnRAID is a full OS platform that offers pooled storage with integrated real-time parity. Compared with mergerfs, its main advantage is that it bundles pooling and parity in one product, while mergerfs is a standalone Linux pooling filesystem without built-in redundancy. For some users mergerfs' Linux distro-agnostic and fully open-source approach is also preferable.

For semi-static data, mergerfs + SnapRAID provides a similar, but not real-time, solution. NonRAID (see below) is a fork of UnRAID's parity calculation solution and can also be used with mergerfs.

  • Better than mergerfs for: turnkey pooling plus integrated real-time parity in one product.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: users who prefer a Linux distro-agnostic, fully open-source component approach.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#nonraid","level":2,"title":"NonRAID","text":"
  • https://github.com/qvr/nonraid

NonRAID is a fork of UnRAID's storage array kernel driver. Effectively it is like RAID5 at the block device layer without treating the collection of devices as a single device. Each device gets a virtual block device associated with it which can be formatted with the filesystem of the user's choice and will be individually accessible. Similar to SnapRAID but real-time.

Compared with mergerfs, NonRAID adds kernel-level real-time parity while still allowing per-disk filesystems, whereas mergerfs focuses on pooling views and placement policies without parity.

Given each device has its own filesystem like a traditional setup it can be used with mergerfs for those looking for a unified view.

  • Better than mergerfs for: real-time parity protection without traditional RAID striping behavior.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: users who want the simplest setup and do not need parity, since it adds operational complexity.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#zfs","level":2,"title":"ZFS","text":"
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS

ZFS is an advanced filesystem that combines storage pooling, snapshots, data integrity checking, and built-in RAID-like redundancy all in one package. It offers features like transparent compression, encryption, and automatic data repair.

Compared with mergerfs, ZFS is a full storage stack that manages disks directly with integrated integrity and redundancy features, while mergerfs is a lightweight FUSE layer that pools existing filesystems without built-in redundancy.

  • Better than mergerfs for: integrated data integrity, snapshots, checksumming, and built-in redundancy.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: low-overhead incremental pooling of existing filesystems with minimal planning.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#zfs-anyraid","level":2,"title":"ZFS AnyRAID","text":"
  • https://github.com/openzfs/zfs/discussions/16773

ZFS AnyRAID (announcement) is a feature under development for ZFS intended to provide more flexibility in pools by allowing mixed-capacity disks while maintaining live redundancy.

If released, ZFS AnyRAID would offer some of the flexibility associated with mergerfs-style mixed-capacity expansion, but with built-in redundancy inside ZFS. mergerfs already provides that mixed-size, add-drives-anytime flexibility today, albeit without built-in redundancy. If you need redundancy with that flexibility, ZFS AnyRAID could become an option when available; until then, mergerfs remains the simpler currently available choice for mixed-capacity pooling, with redundancy and integrity available via SnapRAID and/or NonRAID.

  • Better than mergerfs for: users who want mixed-capacity flexibility and built-in live redundancy in one filesystem stack.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: users who need mature availability now and the simplest add-drives-anytime workflow without redundancy overhead.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#bcachefs","level":2,"title":"Bcachefs","text":"
  • https://bcachefs.org

Bcachefs is a modern copy-on-write filesystem for Linux designed for multi-device storage aggregation. It includes integrated features such as checksumming, snapshots, compression, encryption, and redundancy.

Compared with mergerfs, bcachefs is a full integrated filesystem with built-in checksumming, snapshots, compression, and redundancy, while mergerfs is a lightweight pooling layer over existing filesystems. Bcachefs is still evolving and should be evaluated carefully for production use.

  • Better than mergerfs for: integrated CoW filesystem features, checksumming, snapshots, compression, and built-in multi-device redundancy.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: conservative production setups prioritizing maturity, simplicity, and broad long-term deployment stability.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#btrfs-single-data-profile","level":2,"title":"Btrfs Single Data Profile","text":"
  • https://btrfs.readthedocs.io

Btrfs' single data profile is a multi-device Btrfs mode that can spread data across drives without adding redundancy.

Compared with mergerfs, Btrfs single is managed as one integrated filesystem, while mergerfs pools separate existing filesystems. In Btrfs single, losing one device can impact the whole filesystem; with mergerfs, loss is typically limited to data on the failed disk.

  • Better than mergerfs for: integrated multi-device management in one filesystem namespace.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: users who value per-disk failure isolation and easy independent recovery.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#stablebits-drivepool","level":2,"title":"StableBit's DrivePool","text":"
  • https://stablebit.com

DrivePool is a commercial storage pooling product for Windows that combines multiple drives into a single volume and includes balancing and optional duplication capabilities.

Compared with mergerfs, DrivePool emphasizes integrated balancing and duplication features in a Windows-first product, while mergerfs emphasizes Linux FUSE pooling with policy-based create placement and external-tool composability.

  • Better than mergerfs for: Windows users needing built-in rebalancing and native file duplication features.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: Linux-native deployments and users who prefer open-source tooling and composable external utilities.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#windows-storage-spaces","level":2,"title":"Windows Storage Spaces","text":"
  • https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/storage/storage-spaces/overview

Windows Storage Spaces is Microsoft's software-defined storage platform for Windows Server and Windows Pro. It aggregates multiple physical disks into logical storage pools with built-in redundancy options (mirroring, parity) and automatic performance optimization through tiered caching.

Storage Spaces is Windows-only and requires more planning upfront due to redundancy options and RAID-like features. mergerfs is Linux-focused and takes a simpler approach, pooling existing filesystems without built-in redundancy. If you need a Windows solution with integrated data protection, Storage Spaces is a good choice. For Linux users seeking lightweight pooling without redundancy overhead, mergerfs is the better option.

  • Better than mergerfs for: Windows environments needing integrated pooling, resilience, and tiering in the platform stack.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: Linux hosts and lightweight pooling where minimal overhead and per-filesystem independence are preferred.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#plan-9-binds","level":2,"title":"Plan 9 binds","text":"
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs#Union_directories_and_namespaces

Plan 9 has a native bind mechanism that can compose paths and filesystems into a single namespace view, including union-like directory behavior.

Compared with mergerfs, Plan 9 binds are an OS-native namespace feature with simple ordered behavior, while mergerfs provides Linux-focused filesystem pooling with a larger set of configurable branch policies.

Plan 9 isn't a widely used OS so this comparison is mostly academic.

  • Better than mergerfs for: native Plan 9 environments where namespace composition is a core OS feature.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: Linux users due to ecosystem relevance and practical deployment availability.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#snapraid-pooling","level":2,"title":"SnapRAID pooling","text":"
  • https://www.snapraid.it/manual

SnapRAID has a pooling feature which creates \"a read-only virtual view of all the files in your array using symbolic links.\"

Compared with mergerfs, SnapRAID pooling is a symlink-generated, read-only view refreshed by SnapRAID operations, while mergerfs is a live mounted filesystem that supports normal read/write behavior.

As mentioned in the description, this \"view\" is just the creation of the same directory layout with symlinks to all files. This means that reads (and writes) to files are at native speeds, but it is not practical to use as a target for writing new files, and it is only updated when snapraid pool is run. Note that some software treats symlinks differently than regular files. For instance, some backup software will skip symlinks by default.

mergerfs has the feature symlinkify which provides a similar behavior but is more flexible in that it is not read-only. That said there can still be some software that won't like that kind of setup.

  • Better than mergerfs for: read-only, native-speed directory views of SnapRAID-managed content.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: general read/write pooled filesystem use and always-live view updates.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#rclone-union","level":2,"title":"rclone union","text":"
  • https://rclone.org/union

rclone's union backend allows you to create a union of multiple rclone backends and was inspired by mergerfs. Because rclone knows more about the underlying backends than mergerfs can, it can be more efficient than creating a similar union with rclone mount and mergerfs.

Compared with mergerfs, rclone union is backend-aware and optimized for cloud/remote storage abstractions, while mergerfs is optimized for local POSIX filesystem pooling and branch policies.

However, it is not uncommon to see users set up rclone mounts and combine them with local or other remote filesystems using mergerfs given the differing feature sets and focuses of the two projects.

  • Better than mergerfs for: remote-backend-heavy workloads where backend-aware behavior improves cloud storage handling.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: local POSIX pooling scenarios where direct filesystem semantics and broad local tool compatibility matter.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#distributed-filesystems","level":2,"title":"distributed filesystems","text":"
  • AFS
  • Ceph/CephFS
  • GlusterFS
  • LizardFS
  • MooseFS
  • etc.

Distributed remote filesystems come in many forms. Some offer POSIX filesystem compliance and some do not. Some provide remote block devices or object stores on which a POSIX or POSIX-like filesystem is built. Some are effectively distributed union filesystems with duplication.

Compared with mergerfs, distributed filesystems focus on multi-node storage, replication, and cluster behavior, while mergerfs focuses on single-host local pooling of existing filesystems.

  • Better than mergerfs for: multi-node or geographically distributed workloads with built-in replication and high availability.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: single-host and homelab pooling where low overhead and operational simplicity are key.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#nofs","level":2,"title":"nofs","text":"
  • https://github.com/chapmanjacobd/nofs

nofs is a tool that provides mergerfs-like functionality for combining multiple filesystems/directories into a unified view but does so entirely through subcommands which replicate traditional POSIX commands rather than providing a proper filesystem. It takes a lot of inspiration from mergerfs in that it supports policy-based branch selection (mfs, ff, pfrd, epmfs, and others), read-only and no-create branch modes, and recreates POSIX-like commands such as ls, find, which, cp, mv, and rm.

Compared with mergerfs, nofs is command-driven rather than a mounted filesystem, so mergerfs is the option for transparent system-wide pooling through normal POSIX filesystem calls.

Given its design nofs is not suited for general usage as third-party applications will not be able to take advantage of the unioning behavior it offers. It is primarily for more simple situations where something like mergerfs is unable to be used.

  • Better than mergerfs for: constrained environments where a FUSE mount is not possible but command-style union behavior is acceptable.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: transparent system-wide filesystem pooling usable by arbitrary third-party applications.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#policyfs","level":2,"title":"policyfs","text":"
  • https://policyfs.org
  • https://github.com/hieutdo/policyfs

policyfs is a Linux FUSE storage daemon that unifies multiple storage paths under a single mountpoint, similarly to mergerfs. Its distinguishing features are explicit path-pattern-based routing rules for placement, and an optional SQLite metadata index that can serve readdir and getattr operations without spinning up HDDs.

Compared with mergerfs, policyfs emphasizes explicit path-based routing and optional metadata indexing, while mergerfs emphasizes a broad, policy-driven pooling model with longer operational history and wider adoption. It doesn't try limiting spinup as doing so fundimentally is in conflict with other features.

Due to the nature of PolicyFS it can not really be used while changing files out-of-band and with the delayed writeback of metadata and unlinking there is a greater risk of inconsistancy in error conditions.

  • Better than mergerfs for: explicit path-based routing and optional metadata indexing to reduce HDD spin-ups.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: users prioritizing project maturity, adoption, performance, and long-established operational behavior.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#greyhole","level":2,"title":"Greyhole","text":"
  • https://www.greyhole.net
  • https://github.com/gboudreau/Greyhole

Greyhole is an open-source storage pooling application that works via Samba. Rather than implementing a FUSE filesystem, it hooks into Samba VFS to intercept file operations and distribute files across multiple drives, with optional per-share redundancy.

Compared with mergerfs, Greyhole is Samba-centric and includes integrated share-level redundancy, while mergerfs is a general-purpose Linux FUSE mount for local pooling via standard POSIX filesystem calls.

  • Better than mergerfs for: Samba-centric environments that need built-in per-share redundancy in the same tool.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: general-purpose local filesystem pooling outside Samba and heavy small-file churn workloads.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"project_comparisons/#9p","level":2,"title":"9P","text":"
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9P_(protocol)

9P is a filesystem protocol from the Plan 9 operating system used to access files over a network between systems.

Compared with mergerfs, 9P is a network filesystem protocol, while mergerfs is a local Linux FUSE filesystem for pooling directories and filesystems under one mount with branch policies.

  • Better than mergerfs for: lightweight network filesystem protocol use between compatible systems.
  • Worse than mergerfs for: local Linux filesystem pooling because it does not provide mergerfs-like branch policies or pooling semantics.
","path":["Project Comparisons"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/","level":1,"title":"Quick Start","text":"","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#install","level":2,"title":"Install","text":"

First ensure you have the latest version installed.

","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#configuration","level":2,"title":"Configuration","text":"

mergerfs has many options and effectively all of them are functional in nature. What that means is that there is no \"best\" or \"fastest\" configuration. No \"make faster\" options. Everything changes behavior. Sometimes those changes in behavior affect performance.

If you don't already know that you have special requirements then use one of the following option sets as it will cover the common use cases.

","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#you-use-linux-v66-or-above","level":3,"title":"You use Linux v6.6 or above","text":"
  • cache.files=off
  • category.create=pfrd
  • func.getattr=newest
  • dropcacheonclose=false

See Known Issues and Bugs#Software Using mmap for more details why the Linux and mergerfs version matter and its relation to mmap.

NOTE: This \"auto mmap\" feature is only supported in mergerfs v2.41.0 and above. For older versions see below or the docs from that release.

","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#you-use-linux-v65-or-below","level":3,"title":"You use Linux v6.5 or below","text":"","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#you-need-mmap","level":4,"title":"You need mmap","text":"

To keep the details in a single location: see Known Issues and Bugs#Software Using mmap for more details.

  • cache.files=auto-full
  • category.create=pfrd
  • func.getattr=newest
  • dropcacheonclose=true
","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#you-dont-need-mmap","level":4,"title":"You don't need mmap","text":"
  • cache.files=off
  • category.create=pfrd
  • func.getattr=newest
  • dropcacheonclose=false
","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#usage","level":2,"title":"Usage","text":"

For some suggestions on branch setup see the page on branches.

","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#command-line","level":3,"title":"Command Line","text":"
# Two positional options: `:` colon separated branches and mountpoint\nmergerfs -o opt[,opt...] /branch0:/branch1 /mountpoint\n# or list of positional options where the last is the mountpoint\nmergerfs -o opt[,opt...] /branch0 /branch1 /mountpoint\n# or set mountpoint via -o mountpoint\nmergerfs -o mountpoint=/mountpoint /branch0 /branch1\n
mergerfs -o cache.files=off,category.create=pfrd,func.getattr=newest,dropcacheonclose=false /mnt/hdd0:/mnt/hdd1 /media\n
","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#etcfstab","level":3,"title":"/etc/fstab","text":"
/mnt/hdd0:/mnt/hdd1 /media mergerfs cache.files=off,category.create=pfrd,func.getattr=newest,dropcacheonclose=false 0 0\n
","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#etcfstab-w-config-file","level":3,"title":"/etc/fstab w/ config file","text":"

For more complex setups it can be useful to separate out the config.

","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#etcfstab_1","level":4,"title":"/etc/fstab","text":"
/etc/mergerfs/branches/media/* /media mergerfs config=/etc/mergerfs/config/media.ini\n
","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#etcmergerfsconfigmediaini","level":4,"title":"/etc/mergerfs/config/media.ini","text":"media.ini
cache.files=off\ncategory.create=pfrd\nfunc.getattr=newest\ndropcacheonclose=false\n# comments and empty lines are supported\n
","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#etcmergerfsbranchesmedia","level":4,"title":"/etc/mergerfs/branches/media/","text":"

Create a bunch of symlinks to point to the branch. mergerfs will resolve the symlinks and use the real path.

ls -lh /etc/mergerfs/branches/media/*

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Aug  4  2023 hdd00 -> /mnt/hdd/hdd00\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Aug  4  2023 hdd01 -> /mnt/hdd/hdd01\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Aug  4  2023 hdd02 -> /mnt/hdd/hdd02\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Aug  4  2023 hdd03 -> /mnt/hdd/hdd03\n
","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#systemd-simple","level":3,"title":"systemd (simple)","text":"

/etc/systemd/system/mergerfs-media.service

mergerfs-media.service
[Unit]\nDescription=mergerfs /media service\nAfter=local-fs.target network.target\n\n[Service]\nType=simple\nKillMode=none\nExecStart=/usr/bin/mergerfs \\\n  -f \\\n  -o cache.files=off \\\n  -o category.create=pfrd \\\n  -o func.getattr=newest \\\n  -o dropcacheonclose=false \\\n  /mnt/hdd0 \\\n  /mnt/hdd1 \\\n  /media\nExecStop=/usr/bin/umount /media\n# Or if you need fusermount\n# ExecStop=/usr/bin/mergerfs-fusermount -u /media\nRestart=on-failure\n\n[Install]\nWantedBy=default.target\n
","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#systemd-w-setup-script","level":3,"title":"systemd (w/ setup script)","text":"

Since it isn't well documented otherwise: if you wish to do some setup before you mount mergerfs follow this example.

","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#setup-for-mergerfs","level":4,"title":"setup-for-mergerfs","text":"

/usr/local/bin/setup-for-mergerfs

setup-for-mergerfs
#!/usr/bin/env sh\n\n# Perform setup\n/bin/sleep 10\n\n# Report back to systemd that things are ready\n/bin/systemd-notify --ready\n
","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#setup-for-mergerfsservice","level":4,"title":"setup-for-mergerfs.service","text":"

/etc/systemd/system/setup-for-mergerfs.service

setup-for-mergerfs.service
[Unit]\nDescription=mergerfs setup service\n\n[Service]\nType=notify\nRemainAfterExit=yes\nExecStart=/usr/local/bin/setup-for-mergerfs\n\n[Install]\nWantedBy=default.target\n
","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"quickstart/#mergerfs-mediaservice","level":4,"title":"mergerfs-media.service","text":"

/etc/systemd/system/mergerfs-media.service

mergerfs-media.service
[Unit]\nDescription=mergerfs /media service\nRequires=setup-for-mergerfs.service\nAfter=local-fs.target network.target prepare-for-mergerfs.service\n\n[Service]\nType=simple\nKillMode=none\nExecStart=/usr/bin/mergerfs \\\n  -f \\\n  -o cache.files=off \\\n  -o category.create=pfrd \\\n  -o func.getattr=newest \\\n  -o dropcacheonclose=false \\\n  /mnt/hdd0 \\\n  /mnt/hdd1 \\\n  /media\nExecStop=/usr/bin/umount /media\n# Or if you need fusermount\n# ExecStop=/usr/bin/mergerfs-fusermount -u /media\nRestart=on-failure\n\n[Install]\nWantedBy=default.target\n
","path":["Quick Start"],"tags":[]},{"location":"related_projects/","level":1,"title":"Related Projects","text":"","path":["Related Projects"],"tags":[]},{"location":"related_projects/#projects-using-mergerfs","level":2,"title":"Projects using mergerfs","text":"
  • Lakka.tv: A turnkey software emulation Linux distribution. Used to pool user and local storage. Also includes my other project Opera. A 3DO emulator.
  • OpenMediaVault: A network attached storage (NAS) solution based on Debian Linux. They provide plugins to manage mergerfs.
  • CasaOS: \"A simple, easy to use, elegant open source home cloud system.\" Has added initial integration with mergerfs to create pools from existing filesystems.
  • ZimaOS: A more commercially focused NAS OS by the authors of CasaOS at Ice Whale.
  • Cosmos Cloud: Cosmos \"take the chore out of selfhosting, with automated maintenance and fully secured setup out of the box. It even integrates to your existing setup.\"
  • MOS: \"Lightweight, modular server OS for NAS, Containers & VMs.\"
","path":["Related Projects"],"tags":[]},{"location":"related_projects/#software-and-services-commonly-used-with-mergerfs","level":2,"title":"Software and services commonly used with mergerfs","text":"
  • snapraid: a backup program designed for disk arrays, storing parity information for data recovery in the event of up to six disk failures.
  • nonraid: NonRAID is a fork of the unRAID system's open-source md_unraid kernel driver enabling UnRAID-style storage arrays with parity protection outside of the commercial UnRAID system.
  • rclone: a command-line program to manage files on cloud storage. It is a feature-rich alternative to cloud vendors' web storage interfaces. rclone's union feature is based on mergerfs policies.
  • ZFS: A popular filesystem and volume management platform originally part of Sun Solaris and later ported to other operating systems. It is common to use ZFS with mergerfs. ZFS for important data and mergerfs pool for replacable media.
  • Proxmox: Proxmox is a popular, Debian based, virtualization platform. Users tend to install mergerfs on the host and pass the mount into containers.
  • UnRAID: \"Unraid is a powerful, easy-to-use operating system for self-hosted servers and network-attached storage.\" While UnRAID has its own union filesystem it isn't uncommon to see UnRAID users leverage mergerfs given the differences in the technologies. There is a plugin available by Rysz to ease installation and setup.
  • TrueNAS SCALE: An enterprise focused NAS operating system with OpenZFS support. A Some users are requesting mergerfs be made part of TrueNAS.
  • For a time there were a number of Chia miners recommending mergerfs.
  • cloudboxes.io: VPS provider. Includes details on their wiki: on how to setup mergerfs.
  • QNAP: A company known for their turnkey, consumer focused NAS devices. Someone has created builds of mergerfs for different QNAP devices.
","path":["Related Projects"],"tags":[]},{"location":"related_projects/#distributions-including-mergerfs","level":2,"title":"Distributions including mergerfs","text":"

mergerfs can be found in the repositories of many Linux distributions and FreeBSD.

Note: Any non-rolling release based distro is likely to have out-of-date versions. deb and rpm based distro users should probably use the mergerfs project's provided packages.

  • Debian
  • Ubuntu
  • Fedora
  • T2
  • Alpine
  • Gentoo
  • Arch (AUR)
  • Void
  • NixOS
  • Guix
  • Slackware
  • FreeBSD
","path":["Related Projects"],"tags":[]},{"location":"remote_filesystems/","level":1,"title":"Remote Filesystems","text":"

This section is to describe any known issues or quirks when using mergerfs with common remote filesystems.

There are two ways to use mergerfs with a network filesystem. One is to use it within the pool as a branch and one is the exporting of a mergerfs mount.

","path":["Remote Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"remote_filesystems/#general-notes","level":2,"title":"General Notes","text":"","path":["Remote Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"remote_filesystems/#do-not-change-things-out-of-band","level":3,"title":"Do not change things out-of-band","text":"

Keep in mind that, like when using caching, it is NOT a good idea to change the contents of the remote filesystem out-of-band. Meaning that you should not change the contents of the underlying filesystems or mergerfs on the server hosting the remote filesystem. Files should exclusively be interacted with through the network filesystem. Doing otherwise can lead to weird behavior, inconsistency, errors, and even data corruption should multiple programs try to write or read the same data at the same time. This isn't to say you can't do it or that data corruption is likely but it could happen. If you're only reading from those filesystems there is little risk but writing or modifying file layout will be a problem. Particularly with NFS. It is better to always use the remote filesystem. Even on the machine serving it.

","path":["Remote Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"remote_filesystems/#nfs","level":2,"title":"NFS","text":"

NFS is a common remote filesystem on Unix/POSIX systems. Due to how NFS works there are some settings which need to be set in order for mergerfs to work with it.

","path":["Remote Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"remote_filesystems/#nfs-as-branch","level":3,"title":"NFS as branch","text":"

mergerfs settings:

  • No special settings need to be set

NFS export settings:

  • no_root_squash: mergerfs must be able to make requests that only root is permissioned to make. If any root squashing occurs, just as running mergerfs as a non-root user, there is no guarantee that mergerfs will be able to do what it needs to manage the underlying filesystem.
  • softerr or soft: A perhaps questionable choice but if NFS freezes up because the backend dies or the network goes down the default hard mount would cause mergerfs to block the same as any other software. By setting softerr or soft the NFS client will timeout eventually and return an error.
  • softreval: NFS client will serve up cached data after retrans attempts to revalidate the data. Helps with intermittent network issues.
  • timeo=150: Timeout till retrying request.
  • retrans=3: Number of retrying a request.
  • rsize=131072: Read size.
  • wsize=131072: Write size.

no_root_squash is necessary but the others are just suggestions and you may want to alter based on your use case. The risk of using hard and other more strict behavior options is that should NFS completely lock up it will impact mergerfs negatively.

","path":["Remote Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"remote_filesystems/#nfs-exporting-mergerfs","level":3,"title":"NFS exporting mergerfs","text":"

It should be noted that NFS and FUSE (the technology mergerfs uses) do not work perfectly with one another. They largely can be worked around but if you run into problems it may be worth trying Samba/SMB.

mergerfs settings:

  • never-forget-nodes=true or remember-nodes=SECONDS
  • inodecalc=path-hash
  • lazy-umount-mountpoint=false

never-forget-nodes=true (or remember-nodes with a large value such as 86400 for a full day) is needed because NFS uses the name_to_handle_at and open_by_handle_at functions which allow a program to keep a reference to a file without technically having it open in the typical sense. The problem is that FUSE has no way to know that NFS has a handle that it will later use to open the file again. As a result, it is possible for the kernel to tell mergerfs to forget about the file node and should NFS ever ask for that node's details in the future it would have nothing to respond with. Keeping nodes around forever (or however long is set with remember-nodes) is not ideal but at the moment the only way to manage the situation.

inodecalc=path-hash is needed because NFS is sensitive to out-of-band changes. FUSE doesn't care if a file's inode value changes but NFS, being stateful, does. So if you used the default inode calculation algorithm it is possible that if you changed a file or updated a directory the file mergerfs will use will be on a different branch and therefore the inode would change. This isn't an ideal solution and others are being considered but it works for most situations.

lazy-umount-mountpoint=false is needed (or left unset) as lazy umount can cause problems with NFS. It won't impact the NFS export at first but followup mounts of mergerfs to the same mount point will lead to new remote mounts hanging till exportfs is run again.

NFS export settings:

  • fsid=UUID
  • no_root_squash

fsid=UUID is needed because FUSE filesystems don't have different st_dev values which can cause issues when exporting. The easiest thing to do is set each mergerfs export fsid to some random value. An easy way to generate a random value is to use the command line tool uuid or uuidgen or through a website such as uuidgenerator.net.

no_root_squash is not technically required but suggested. If NFS is root squashing then any request that an app running as root makes will show up as a different user to mergerfs. This is perfectly fine so long as the client software using NFS are not running as root and expect to have root like privileges.

","path":["Remote Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"remote_filesystems/#smb-cifs","level":2,"title":"SMB / CIFS","text":"

SMB is a protocol most used by Microsoft Windows systems to share file shares, printers, etc. However, due to the popularity of Windows, it is also supported on many other platforms including Linux. The most popular way of supporting SMB on Linux is via the software Samba.

","path":["Remote Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"remote_filesystems/#smb-as-branch","level":3,"title":"SMB as branch","text":"

Using a SMB mount as a branch in mergerfs may result in problems (permission errors) since it is not POSIX compliant. This setup is not common and has not been extensively tested.

","path":["Remote Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"remote_filesystems/#smb-exporting-mergerfs","level":3,"title":"SMB exporting mergerfs","text":"

Samba and other ways of serving Linux filesystems via SMB should work fine with mergerfs. The services do not tend to use the same technologies which NFS uses and therefore don't have the same issues. There should not be special settings required export mergerfs with Samba. However, CIFSD and other programs have not been extensively tested. If you use mergerfs with CIFSD or other SMB servers please submit your experiences so these docs can be updated.

NOTE: Some users have reported that when deleting files from certain Android file managers they get errors from the app and Samba but the file gets removed. This is due to a bug in Samba which has been fixed in more recent releases such as 4.21. If using Debian you can enable backports repo.

","path":["Remote Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"remote_filesystems/#sshfs","level":2,"title":"SSHFS","text":"

SSHFS is a FUSE filesystem leveraging SSH as the connection and transport layer. While often simpler to setup when compared to NFS or Samba the performance can be lacking and the project is very much in maintenance mode.

There are no known issues using sshfs with mergerfs. You may want to use the following arguments to improve performance but your millage may vary.

  • -o Ciphers=arcfour
  • -o Compression=no

More info can be found here.

","path":["Remote Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"remote_filesystems/#other","level":2,"title":"Other","text":"

There are other remote filesystems but none popularly used to serve mergerfs. If you use something not listed above feel free to reach out and I will add it to the list.

","path":["Remote Filesystems"],"tags":[]},{"location":"resource_usage/","level":1,"title":"Resource Usage and Management","text":"","path":["Resource Usage and Management"],"tags":[]},{"location":"resource_usage/#usage","level":2,"title":"Usage","text":"
  • threads
    • configurable number of threads
      • reading from kernel
      • processing messages from kernel
      • readdir concurrency
  • memory
    • 1MB+ pre reader thread + inflight processing for messages depending on fuse-msg-size
    • buffers allocated temporarily for reading directories
    • FUSE nodes
    • never-forget-nodes=true nodes
","path":["Resource Usage and Management"],"tags":[]},{"location":"resource_usage/#management","level":2,"title":"Management","text":"
  • To limit the risk of the Linux kernel's OOM Killer targeting mergerfs it sets its oom_score_adj value to -990.
  • mergerfs increases its available file descriptor and file size limit.
  • mergerfs sets its scheduling priority (nice value) to -10 (by default), raising its CPU scheduling priority above the default of 0.
  • The readahead values of mergerfs itself and managed filesystems can be modified.
","path":["Resource Usage and Management"],"tags":[]},{"location":"runtime_interface/","level":1,"title":"Runtime Interface","text":"

mergerfs has runtime interfaces allowing users to query certain filesystem information, get and set config, and trigger certain activities while it is running.

The interface is provided via the POSIX extended attributes filesystem API which is a namespaced key=value pair store associated with a file. Since mergerfs primarily uses key=value pairs for config it fits well and is a known and reasonably well supported API.

There are two targets for xattr calls. One is a pseudo file used for getting and setting config and issuing certain commands. The other are files found on the filesystem for querying certain mergerfs specific information about them.

","path":["Runtime Interface"],"tags":[]},{"location":"runtime_interface/#mergerfs-pseudo-file","level":2,"title":".mergerfs pseudo file","text":"
<mountpoint>/.mergerfs\n

mergerfs provides this pseudo file for the runtime modification of certain options and issuing commands. The file will not show up in readdir but can be stat'ed and viewed/manipulated via listxattr, getxattr, and setxattr calls.

Any changes made at runtime are NOT persisted. If you wish for values to persist they must be included as options wherever you configure the mounting of mergerfs (/etc/fstab, systemd, etc.).

","path":["Runtime Interface"],"tags":[]},{"location":"runtime_interface/#command-line-tooling","level":3,"title":"Command Line Tooling","text":"

Extended attributes are prevalent enough that there are common tools available for interacting with them.

In Debian / Ubuntu distributions you can get the tools getfattr and setfattr from attr package.

$ sudo apt-get install attr\n
","path":["Runtime Interface"],"tags":[]},{"location":"runtime_interface/#config","level":3,"title":"Config","text":"","path":["Runtime Interface"],"tags":[]},{"location":"runtime_interface/#keys","level":4,"title":"Keys","text":"

Use getfattr -d /mountpoint/.mergerfs to see all supported configuration keys. It is effectively the same as the options prefixed with user.mergerfs.. Some are informational or only can be set at startup and therefore read-only.

Example: option cache.files would be user.mergerfs.cache.files.

","path":["Runtime Interface"],"tags":[]},{"location":"runtime_interface/#values","level":4,"title":"Values","text":"

Same as the command line options.

","path":["Runtime Interface"],"tags":[]},{"location":"runtime_interface/#getting","level":4,"title":"Getting","text":"

getfattr -n user.mergerfs.branches /mountpoint/.mergerfs

ENOATTR will be returned if the key doesn't exist as normal with getxattr.

","path":["Runtime Interface"],"tags":[]},{"location":"runtime_interface/#setting","level":4,"title":"Setting","text":"

setfattr -n user.mergerfs.branches -v VALUE /mountpoint/.mergerfs

setxattr will return EROFS (Read-only filesystem) on read-only keys. ENOATTR will be returned if the key does not exist. If the value attempting to be set is not valid EINVAL will be returned.

","path":["Runtime Interface"],"tags":[]},{"location":"runtime_interface/#usermergerfsbranches","level":4,"title":"user.mergerfs.branches","text":"

branches has the ability to understand some simple instructions to make manipulation of the list easier. The [list] is simply what is described in the branches docs.

Value Description [list] set +<[list] prepend to existing list +>[list] append to existing list -[list] remove all values provided -< remove first in list -> remove last in list

NOTE: if the value of branches is set to something invalid / non-existant mergerfs will return a bogus entry when the mount point directory is stat'ed and create a fake file entry when listing the directory telling the user \"error: no valid mergerfs branch found, check config\". This is done to ensure the user understands the situation and continue to be able to access the xattr interface.

","path":["Runtime Interface"],"tags":[]},{"location":"runtime_interface/#example","level":4,"title":"Example","text":"
[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ getfattr -d .mergerfs\nuser.mergerfs.branches=\"/mnt/a=RW:/mnt/b=RW\"\nuser.mergerfs.minfreespace=\"4294967295\"\nuser.mergerfs.moveonenospc=\"false\"\n...\n\n[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ getfattr -n user.mergerfs.category.create .mergerfs\nuser.mergerfs.category.search=\"mfs\"\n\n[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ setfattr -n user.mergerfs.category.create -v pfrd .mergerfs\n[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ getfattr -n user.mergerfs.category.create .mergerfs\nuser.mergerfs.category.search=\"prfd\"\n\n[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ setfattr -n user.mergerfs.branches -v '+</mnt/c=RO' .mergerfs\n[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ getfattr -n user.mergerfs.branches .mergerfs\nuser.mergerfs.branches=\"/mnt/c=RO:/mnt/a=RW:/mnt/b=RW\"\n
","path":["Runtime Interface"],"tags":[]},{"location":"runtime_interface/#commands","level":3,"title":"Commands","text":"

There are a number of commands / behaviors which can be triggered by writing (setfattr, setxattr) particular xattr keys of /mountpoint/.mergerfs. These keys do not show up in key listings.

Commands can take an argument however currently no command uses or allows a value.

Key Value Description user.mergerfs.cmd.gc (empty) Trigger a thorough garbage collection of certain pools of resources. The xattr value is not used. user.mergerfs.cmd.gc1 (empty) Trigger a simple garbage collection of certain pools of resources. This is also done on a timer. user.mergerfs.cmd.invalidate-all-nodes (empty) Attempts to invalidate FUSE file nodes. Primarily used for debugging. 
[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ setfattr -n user.mergerfs.cmd.gc /mnt/mergerfs/.mergerfs\n[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ journalctl -t mergerfs | tail -n1\nJul 20 15:36:18 hostname mergerfs[1931348]: running basic garbage collection\n
","path":["Runtime Interface"],"tags":[]},{"location":"runtime_interface/#file-directory-xattrs","level":3,"title":"file / directory xattrs","text":"

There is certain information mergerfs knows or calculates about a file that can be useful in building tooling or debugging.

The keys below can be queried (getfattr -n key, getxattr) to get the described information. These keys will not show up in any listing (getfattr -d, listxattr). Attempting to set them will result in an error.

Key Return Value user.mergerfs.basepath The base mount point for the file given the current getattr policy. user.mergerfs.relpath The relative path of the file from the perspective of the mount point. user.mergerfs.fullpath The full path of the original file given the getattr policy. user.mergerfs.allpaths A NULL ('\\0') separated list of full paths to all files found. 
[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ getfattr -n user.mergerfs.fullpath test\nuser.mergerfs.fullpath=\"/mnt/a/test\"\n[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ getfattr -n user.mergerfs.allpaths .\nuser.mergerfs.allpaths=\"/mnt/a\\000/mnt/b\\000/mnt/c\"\n
","path":["Runtime Interface"],"tags":[]},{"location":"sponsorship_and_donations/","level":1,"title":"Sponsorship, Donations, Support Contracts","text":"

https://github.com/trapexit/support

Development and support of a project like mergerfs requires a significant amount of time and effort. The software is released under the very liberal ISC license and is therefore free to use for personal or commercial uses.

If you are a non-commercial user and find mergerfs and its support valuable and would like to support the project financially it would be very much appreciated.

If you are using mergerfs commercially please consider sponsoring the project or purchasing a support contract to ensure it continues to be maintained and receive updates. Reach out for more details.

","path":["Sponsorship, Donations, Support Contracts"],"tags":[]},{"location":"support/","level":1,"title":"Support","text":"

Filesystems are complex, as are the interactions software have with them, and therefore difficult to debug. When reporting on a suspected issue please include as much of the below information as possible otherwise it will be difficult or impossible to diagnose. Also please read the documentation as it provides details on many previously encountered questions/issues.

Make sure you are using the latest release or have tried it in comparison. Old versions, which are often included in distros like Debian and Ubuntu, are not ever going to be updated and the issue you are encountering may have been addressed already.

For commercial support or feature requests please contact me directly.

","path":["Support"],"tags":[]},{"location":"support/#information-to-include-in-bug-reports","level":3,"title":"Information to include in bug reports","text":"
  • Information about the broader problem along with any attempted solutions.
  • Solution already ruled out and why.
  • The details from the output of the mergerfs.collect-info tool.
  • All information about the relevant paths and files: permissions, ownership, etc. Some of this is collected by the tool but only the branch root details.
  • All information about the application making the requests: version, uid/gid. Try though to replicate any issues with common core utilities.
  • Try to recreate the problem in the simplest way using standard programs: ln, mv, cp, ls, dd, etc. With the most simple mergerfs setup possible such as using only a single branch, well supported branch filesystem, maybe reduce to using a single thread, etc.
  • Runtime environment:
    • Is mergerfs running within a container?
    • Are the client apps using mergerfs running in a container?
  • A strace of the app having problems:
    • strace -fvTtt -s 256 -o /tmp/app.strace.txt <cmd>
  • A strace of mergerfs before and while the program is trying to do whatever it is failing to do:
    • strace -fvTtt -s 256 -p <mergerfsPID> -o /tmp/mergerfs.strace.txt
  • If mergerfs is blocking or appears stuck:
    • gdb -q --batch -ex \"set pagination off\" -ex \"thread apply all bt full\" -ex quit --pid <mergerfsPID> > /tmp/mergerfs.stacktrace.txt
  • Precise step-by-step directions on replicating the issue. Do not leave anything out.
","path":["Support"],"tags":[]},{"location":"support/#contact-issue-submission","level":3,"title":"Contact / Issue submission","text":"

In order of preference.

  • github.com: https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/issues
  • discord: https://discord.gg/MpAr69V
  • reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/mergerfs
","path":["Support"],"tags":[]},{"location":"terminology/","level":1,"title":"Terminology","text":"
  • disk, drive, disk drive: A physical data storage device. Such as a hard drive or solid-state drive. Usually requires the use of a filesystem to be useful. mergerfs does not deal with disks.
  • filesystem: Lowlevel software which provides a way to organize data and provide access to said data in a standard way. A filesystem is a higher level abstraction that may or may not be stored on a disk. mergerfs deals exclusively with filesystems.
  • path: A location within a filesystem. mergerfs can work with any path within a filesystem and not simply the root.
  • branch: A base path used in a mergerfs pool. mergerfs can accommodate multiple paths pointing to the same filesystem.
  • pool: The mergerfs mount. The union of the branches. The instance of mergerfs. You can mount multiple mergerfs pools. Even with the same branches.
  • relative path: The path in the pool relative to the branch and mount. foo/bar is the relative path of mergerfs mount /mnt/mergerfs/foo/bar.
  • function: A filesystem call such as open, unlink, create, getattr, rmdir, etc. The requests your software make to the filesystem.
  • category: A collection of functions based on basic behavior (action, create, search).
  • policy: The algorithm used to select a file or files when performing a function.
  • path preservation: Aspect of some policies which includes checking the path for which a file would be created.
  • out-of-band: out-of-band in our context refers to interacting with the underlying filesystem directly instead of going through mergerfs (or NFS or Samba).
","path":["Terminology"],"tags":[]},{"location":"tips_notes/","level":1,"title":"Tips and Notes","text":"
  • The documentation is explicit, literal, and reasonably thorough. If a suspected feature is not mentioned it does not exist. Do not read into the wording. What is described is how it functions. If you feel like something is not explained sufficiently please file a ticket.
  • If a libfuse argument is not listed it probably shouldn't be used and is unsupported.
  • Ensure you're using the latest version. Especially before submitting bug reports.
  • Run mergerfs as root. mergerfs is designed and intended to be run as root and may exhibit incorrect behavior if run otherwise.
  • If you do not see some directories and files you expect, policies seem to skip branches, you get strange permission errors, etc. be sure the underlying filesystems' permissions are all the same. Use mergerfs.fsck to audit the filesystem for out of sync permissions.
  • If you still have permission issues be sure you are using POSIX compliant filesystems. mergerfs doesn't generally make exceptions for FAT, NTFS, or other non-POSIX filesystem.
  • Unless using Linux v6.6 or above do not use cache.files=off if you expect applications to use mmap. Enabling dropcacheonclose is recommended when cache.files=auto-full. See quickstart.
  • Kodi, Plex, Subsonic, etc. can use directory mtime to more efficiently determine whether to scan for new content rather than simply performing a full scan. If using the default getattr policy of ff it's possible those programs will miss an update on account of it returning the first directory found's stat info and it is a later directory on another mount which had the mtime recently updated. To fix this you will want to set func.getattr=newest. Remember though that this is just stat. If the file is later open'ed or unlink'ed and the policy is different for those then a completely different file or directory could be acted on.
  • Some policies mixed with some functions may result in strange behaviors. Not that some of these behaviors and race conditions couldn't happen outside mergerfs but that they are far more likely to occur on account of the attempt to merge multiple sources of data which could be out of sync due to the different policies.
  • For consistency it's generally best to set category wide policies rather than individual func's. This will help limit the confusion of tools such as rsync. However, the flexibility is there if needed.
","path":["Tips and Notes"],"tags":[]},{"location":"tooling/","level":1,"title":"Tooling","text":"","path":["Tooling"],"tags":[]},{"location":"tooling/#mergerfscollect-info","level":2,"title":"mergerfs.collect-info","text":"

A tool included in recent releases of mergerfs which collects details about your system and configuration to help providing support.

$ mergerfs.collect-info\n* Please have mergerfs mounted before running this tool.\n* Upload the following file to your GitHub ticket or put on https://pastebin.com when requesting support.\n* /tmp/mergerfs.info.txt\n
","path":["Tooling"],"tags":[]},{"location":"tooling/#fsckmergerfs","level":2,"title":"fsck.mergerfs","text":"

A tool to help diagnose and solve mergerfs pool issues. Primarily related to mismatched permissions and ownership.

$ fsck.mergerfs --help\nfsck.mergerfs: A tool to help diagnose and solve mergerfs pool issues\n\n\nUSAGE: fsck.mergerfs [OPTIONS] path\n\n\nPOSITIONALS:\n  path TEXT:DIR REQUIRED      mergerfs path\n\nOPTIONS:\n  -h,     --help              Print this help message and exit\n          --fix TEXT:{none,manual,newest,largest} [none]\n                              Will attempt to 'fix' the problem by chown+chmod or copying files\n                              based on a selected file.\n                              * none: Do nothing. Just print details.\n                              * manual: User selects source file.\n                              * newest: Use file with most recent mtime.\n                              * largest: Use file with largest size.\n          --check-size BOOLEAN [false]\n                              Considers file size in calculating differences\n          --copy-file BOOLEAN [false]\n                              Copy file rather than chown/chmod to fix\n
","path":["Tooling"],"tags":[]},{"location":"tooling/#preloadso","level":2,"title":"preload.so","text":"

EXPERIMENTAL

For some time there has been work to enable IO passthrough in FUSE. IO Passthrough would allow for near native performance with regards to reads and writes (at the expense of certain mergerfs features.) In Linux v6.9 that feature made its way into the kernel however in a somewhat limited form which is incompatible with aspects of how mergerfs functions and took longer to implement as a result. This preloadable library was created as an alternative to the FUSE passthrough integration.

/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so

This preloadable library overrides the creation and opening of files in order to simulate passthrough file IO. It catches the open/creat/fopen calls, has mergerfs do the call, queries mergerfs for the branch the file exists on, reopens the file on the underlying filesystem and returns that instead. Meaning that you will get native read/write performance because mergerfs is no longer part of the workflow. Keep in mind that this also means certain mergerfs features that work by interrupting the read/write workflow, such as moveonenospc, will no longer work.

Also, understand that this will only work on dynamically linked software (that is dynamically linked with the same general libc version as the software being used with it.) Anything statically compiled will not work. Many GoLang and Rust apps are statically compiled.

The library will not interfere with non-mergerfs filesystems. The library is written to always fallback to returning the mergerfs opened file on error.

While the library was written to account for a number of edge cases there could be some yet unaccounted for so please report any oddities.

Thank you to nohajc for prototyping the idea.

","path":["Tooling"],"tags":[]},{"location":"tooling/#casual-usage","level":3,"title":"casual usage","text":"
LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so touch /mnt/mergerfs/filename\n

Or run export LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so in your shell or place it in your shell config file to have it be picked up by all software ran from your shell. For instance, in bash, add the export to .bashrc.

","path":["Tooling"],"tags":[]},{"location":"tooling/#docker-and-podman-usage","level":3,"title":"Docker and Podman usage","text":"

Assume /mnt/fs0 and /mnt/fs1 are pooled with mergerfs at /media.

All mergerfs branch paths must be bind mounted into the container at the same path as found on the host so the preload library can see them.

NOTE: Since a container can have its own OS setup there is no guarantee that preload.so from the host install will be compatible with the loader found in the container. If that is true it simply won't work and shouldn't cause any issues.

docker run \\\n  -e LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so \\\n  -v /usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so:/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so:ro \\\n  -v /media:/media \\\n  -v /mnt:/mnt \\\n  ubuntu:latest \\\n  bash\n

or more explicitly

docker run \\\n  -e LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so \\\n  -v /usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so:/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so:ro \\\n  -v /media:/media \\\n  -v /mnt/fs0:/mnt/fs0 \\\n  -v /mnt/fs1:/mnt/fs1 \\\n  ubuntu:latest \\\n  bash\n
","path":["Tooling"],"tags":[]},{"location":"tooling/#systemd-unit","level":3,"title":"systemd unit","text":"

Use the Environment option to set the LD_PRELOAD variable.

  • https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/systemd.service.html#Command%20lines
  • https://serverfault.com/questions/413397/how-to-set-environment-variable-in-systemd-service
[Service]\nEnvironment=LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so\n
","path":["Tooling"],"tags":[]},{"location":"tooling/#misc","level":2,"title":"Misc","text":"
  • https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs-tools
    • Keep in mind these tools are more to provide examples of custom behaviors that can be build on top of mergerfs. They may not have all the features you are looking for.
    • mergerfs.ctl: A tool to make it easier to query and configure mergerfs at runtime
    • mergerfs.fsck: Provides permissions and ownership auditing and the ability to fix them (should use fsck.mergerfs instead)
    • mergerfs.dedup: Will help identify and optionally remove duplicate files
    • mergerfs.dup: Ensure there are at least N copies of a file across the pool
    • mergerfs.balance: Rebalance files across filesystems by moving them from the most filled to the least filled
    • mergerfs.consolidate: move files within a single mergerfs directory to the filesystem with most free space
  • https://github.com/trapexit/scorch
    • scorch: A tool to help discover silent corruption of files and keep track of files
  • https://github.com/trapexit/bbf
    • bbf (bad block finder): a tool to scan for and 'fix' hard drive bad blocks and find the files using those blocks
","path":["Tooling"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/branches-mount-timeout/","level":1,"title":"branches-mount-timeout","text":"
  • type: UINT (seconds)
  • default: 0

mergerfs is compatible with any path, whether it be a mount point or a directory on your root filesystem. It doesn’t require branch paths to be mounted or to match a specific filesystem at startup, and it operates effectively without needing details about the intended filesystem. This flexibility eliminates the need to manage mount ordering, which is particularly advantageous on modern systems where filesystems are mounted asynchronously, resulting in unpredictable mount sequences. While systemd offers a way to enforce mount dependencies using the x-systemd.requires=PATH option in /etc/fstab, applying this to every branch path is both cumbersome and susceptible to errors.

branches-mount-timeout will cause mergerfs to first attempt to mount each branch if the branch appears to be on the same filesystem as the mergerfs mount point and then wait for all branches to become \"mounted.\" The logic to determine \"mounted\" is as follows.

  1. It is mounted if the branch directory has the extended attribute user.mergerfs.branch
  2. It is mounted if the branch directory contains a file named .mergerfs.branch
  3. It is not mounted if the branch directory has the extended attribute user.mergerfs.branch_mounts_here
  4. It is not mounted if the branch directory contains a file named .mergerfs.branch_mounts_here
  5. It is mounted if the st_dev value of the mergerfs mount point is different from the branch path.

These files and xattrs are used to help mergerfs know whether or not a directory happens to be a branch or is the underlying directory mount point.

NOTE: If on a systemd based system and using fstab it is a good idea to set the mount option x-systemd.mount-timeout to some value longer than branches-mount-timeout otherwise systemd might kill mergerfs before it finishes waiting.

NOTE: The way mergerfs attempts to mount the branch is by calling out to the system command mount with the branch as the target. If that path is configured in /etc/fstab as a mount point then mount should attempt to mount it with the settings defined in fstab.

","path":["Config","branches-mount-timeout"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/branches-mount-timeout/#branches-mount-timeout-fail","level":2,"title":"branches-mount-timeout-fail","text":"

Default: false

When set to true mergerfs will fail entirely after branches-mount-timeout expires without all branches being mounted. If set to false it will simply ignore the mount status of the branches and continue on. The details will be logged.

","path":["Config","branches-mount-timeout"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/branches/","level":1,"title":"branches","text":"

The branches argument is a colon (':') delimited list of paths to be pooled together. It does not matter if the paths are on the same or different filesystems nor does it matter the filesystem type (within reason). Used and available space metrics will not be duplicated for paths on the same filesystem and any features which aren't supported by the underlying filesystem (such as file attributes or extended attributes) will return the appropriate errors.

Branches currently have two options which can be set. A mode which impacts whether or not the branch is included in a policy calculation and a individual minfreespace value. The values are set by prepending an = at the end of a branch designation and using commas as delimiters. Example: /mnt/drive=RW,1234

","path":["Config","branches"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/branches/#branch-mode","level":3,"title":"branch mode","text":"
  • RW: (read/write) - Default behavior. Will be eligible in all policy categories.
  • RO: (read-only) - Will be excluded from create and action policies. Same as a read-only mounted filesystem would be (though faster to process).
  • NC: (no-create) - Will be excluded from create policies. You can't create on that branch but you can change or delete.
","path":["Config","branches"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/branches/#minfreespace","level":3,"title":"minfreespace","text":"

Same purpose and syntax as the global option but specific to the branch. Defaults to the global value.

","path":["Config","branches"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/branches/#globbing","level":3,"title":"globbing","text":"

To make it easier to include multiple branches mergerfs supports globbing. The globbing tokens MUST be escaped when using via the shell else the shell itself will apply the glob itself.

# mergerfs /mnt/hdd\\*:/mnt/ssd /media\n

The above line will use all directories in /mnt prefixed with hdd as well as ssd.

To have the pool mounted at boot or otherwise accessible from related tools use /etc/fstab.

# <file system>        <mount point>  <type>    <options>             <dump>  <pass>\n/mnt/hdd*:/mnt/ssd    /media          mergerfs  minfreespace=16G      0       0\n

NOTE: The globbing is done at mount or when updated using the runtime API. If a new directory is added matching the glob after the fact it will not be automatically included.

A convenient way to configure branches is to use symlinks.

","path":["Config","branches"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/branches/#branch-setup","level":2,"title":"branch setup","text":"

mergerfs does not require any special setup of branch paths in order to be used however here are some suggestions.

","path":["Config","branches"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/branches/#layout","level":3,"title":"layout","text":"

When you have a large collection of storage devices, types of storage, and types of interconnects it can be useful to have a verbose naming convention. My preference is to create a directory within /mnt/ for each major type of storage device and/or interconnect. hdd for traditional hard drives; ssd for slower SATA based SSDs; nvme for M.2 or U.2 NVME SSDs; remote for NFS, SMB, sshfs, etc.

The mount points within those directories are named after the size of the storage and its serial number in the case of physical storage and the hostname and remote filesystem for remote.

$ ls -lh /mnt/\ntotal 16K\ndrwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4.0K Aug 18  2024 hdd\ndrwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4.0K Oct  8  2024 nvme\ndrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Aug 24  2024 remote\ndrwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Jul 14  2024 ssd\n\n$ ls -lh /mnt/hdd/\ntotal 8K\nd--------- 2 root root 4.0K Apr 14 15:58 10T-01234567\nd--------- 2 root root 4.0K Apr 12 20:51 20T-12345678\n\n$ ls -lh /mnt/nvme/\ntotal 8K\nd--------- 2 root root 4.0K Apr 14 16:00 1T-ABCDEFGH\nd--------- 2 root root 4.0K Apr 14 23:24 1T-BCDEFGHI\n\n$ ls -lh /mnt/remote/\ntotal 8K\nd--------- 2 root root 4.0K Apr 12 20:23 foo-sshfs\nd--------- 2 root root 4.0K Apr 12 20:24 bar-nfs\n\n# You can find the serial number of a drive using lsblk\n$ lsblk -d -o NAME,PATH,SIZE,SERIAL\nNAME    PATH           SIZE SERIAL\nsda     /dev/sda       9.1T 01234567\nsdb     /dev/sdb      18.2T 12345678\nnvme0n1 /dev/nvme0n1 953.9G ABCDEFGH\nnvme1n1 /dev/nvme1n1 953.9G BCDEFGHI\n
","path":["Config","branches"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/branches/#permissions-and-mode","level":3,"title":"permissions and mode","text":"","path":["Config","branches"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/branches/#mount-points","level":4,"title":"mount points","text":"

To ensure the directory is only used as a point to mount another filesystem it is good to lock it down as much as possible. Be sure to do this before mounting a filesystem to it.

$ sudo chown root:root /mnt/hdd/10T-XYZ\n$ sudo chmod 0000 /mnt/hdd/10T-XYZ\n$ sudo setfattr -n user.mergerfs.branch_mounts_here\n$ sudo chattr +i /mnt/hdd/10T-XYZ\n

The extended attribute user.mergerfs.branch_mounts_here is used by the branches-mount-timeout option to recognize whether or not a mergerfs branch path points to the intended filesystem.

The chattr is likely to only work on EXT{2,3,4} filesystems but will restrict even root from modifying the directory or its content but is still able to be a mount point.

","path":["Config","branches"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/branches/#mounted-filesystems","level":4,"title":"mounted filesystems","text":"

For those new to Linux, intending to be the primary individual logged into the system, or simply want to simplify permissions it is recommended to set the root of mounted filesystems like /tmp/ is set to. Owned by root, ugo+rwx and sticky bit set.

This must be done after mounting the filesystem to the target mount point.

$ sudo chown root:root /mnt/hdd/10T-SERIALNUM\n$ sudo chmod 1777 /mnt/hdd/10T-SERIALNUM\n$ sudo setfattr -n user.mergerfs.branch /mnt/hdd/10T-SERIALNUM\n
","path":["Config","branches"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/branches/#formatting","level":3,"title":"formatting","text":"

While even less relevant to mergerfs than the details above the topic does com up regularly with mergerfs users. When it comes to partitioning and formatting it is suggested to keep things simple. Most users of mergerfs will be using the whole drive capacity and as such have a singular partition and filesystem on that partition. Something many people don't realize is that the partition is not necessary and actually can become problematic.

Rather than creating paritions just format the block device. Let's use /dev/sda as an example.

$ lsblk -d -o NAME,PATH,SERIAL /dev/sda\nNAME    PATH         SERIAL\nsda     /dev/sda     01234567\n\n$ sudo mkfs.ext4 -m0 -L 01234567 /dev/sda\nmke2fs 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023)\nDiscarding device blocks: done\nCreating filesystem with 262144 4k blocks and 65536 inodes\nFilesystem UUID: ede8bf96-9aff-464e-a4fb-a4ab8a197cd7\nSuperblock backups stored on blocks:\n        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376\n\nAllocating group tables: done\nWriting inode tables: done\nCreating journal (8192 blocks): done\nWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done\n

You can then use the serial number as the identifier in fstab.

# <file system>  <mount point>           <type>  <options>  <dump>  <pass>\nLABEL=01234567   /mnt/hdd/10TB-01234567  auto    nofail     0       2\n

Benefits of doing it this way?

  • One less thing (partitions) to configure and worry about.
  • Guarantees alignment of blocks
  • Makes it easier to use the drive with different enclosures. Some SATA to USB adapters use 4K blocks while the drive itself is using 512b. If you create partitions with one block size and move the drive to a controller that uses the other the offset on the device where the filesystem starts will be misinterpreted. It is possible to manually fix this but it isn't well documented and avoidable.
","path":["Config","branches"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/cache/","level":1,"title":"caching","text":"","path":["Config","caching"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/cache/#cachefiles","level":2,"title":"cache.files","text":"

Controls how page caching works for mergerfs itself. Not the underlying filesystems.

  • cache.files=off: Disables page caching for mergerfs.
  • cache.files=partial: Enables page caching. Files are cached while open.
  • cache.files=full: Enables page caching. Files are cached across opens.
  • cache.files=auto-full: Enables page caching. Files are cached across opens if mtime and size are unchanged since previous open. Cache is dropped if mtime or size change on open.
  • cache.files=per-process: Enable page caching (equivalent to cache.files=partial) only for processes whose 'comm' name matches one of the values defined in cache.files.process-names. If the name does not match the file open is equivalent to cache.files=off.

Generally, enabling the page cache actually harms performance1. In part because it can lead to buffer bloat due to the kernel caching both the underlying filesystem's file content as well as the file through mergerfs. However, if you want to confirm performance differences it is recommended that you perform some benchmark to confirm which option works best for your setup.

Why then would you want to enable page caching if it consumes ~2x the RAM as normal and is on average slower? Because it is the only way to support mmap. mmap is a way for programs to treat a file as if it is a contiguous RAM buffer which is regularly used by a number of programs such as those that leverage sqlite3. Despite mmap not being supported by all filesystems it is unfortunately common for software to not have an option to use regular file IO instead of mmap.

The good thing is that in Linux v6.62 and above FUSE can now transparently enable page caching when mmap is requested. This means it should be safe to set cache.files=off. However, on Linux v6.5 and below you will need to configure cache.files as you need.

If passthrough.io is enabled so must page caching. mergerfs will set cache.files=auto-full if passthrough.io is enabled. And when using passthrough.io the there is no double page caching since it is in fact passing through the IO.

","path":["Config","caching"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/cache/#cacheentry","level":2,"title":"cache.entry","text":"
  • cache.entry=UINT: Sets the number of seconds to cache entry queries. Defaults to 1.

The kernel must ask mergerfs about the existence of files. The entry cache caches that those details which limits the number of requests sent to mergerfs.

The risk of setting this value, as with most any cache, is related to out-of-band changes. If the filesystems are changed outside mergerfs there is a risk of files which have been removed continuing to show as available. It will fail gracefully if a phantom file is actioned on in some way so there is little risk in setting the value much higher. Especially if there are no out-of-band changes.

","path":["Config","caching"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/cache/#cachenegative-entry","level":2,"title":"cache.negative-entry","text":"
  • cache.negative-entry=UINT: Sets the number of seconds to cache negative entry queries. Defaults to 1.

This is a cache for negative entry query responses. Such as when a file which does not exist is referenced.

The risk of setting this value, as with most any cache, is related to out-of-band changes. If the filesystems are changed outside mergerfs there is a risk of files which have been added outside mergerfs not appearing correctly till the cache entry times out if there had been a request for the same name within mergerfs which didn't exist. This is mostly an inconvenience.

","path":["Config","caching"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/cache/#cacheattr","level":2,"title":"cache.attr","text":"
  • cache.attr=UINT: Sets the number of seconds to cache file attributes. Defaults to 1.

This is a cache for file attributes and metadata such as that which is collected by the stat system call which is used when you run commands such as find or ls -lh.

As with other caches the risk of enabling the attribute cache is if changes are made to the file out-of-band there could be inconsistencies between the actual file and the cached details which could result in different issues depending on how the data is used. If the simultaneous writing of a file from inside and outside is unlikely then you should be safe. That said any simultaneous, uncoordinated manipulation of a file can lead to unexpected results.

","path":["Config","caching"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/cache/#cachestatfs","level":2,"title":"cache.statfs","text":"
  • cache.statfs=UINT: Sets the number of seconds to cache statfs calls used by policies. Defaults to 0.

A number of policies require looking up the available space of the branches being considered. This is accomplished by calling statfs. This call however is a bit expensive so this cache reduces the overhead by limiting how often the calls are actually made.

This will mean that if the available space of branches changed somewhat rapidly there is a risk of create or mkdir calls made within the timeout period ending up on the same branch. This however should even itself out over time.

","path":["Config","caching"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/cache/#cachesymlinks","level":2,"title":"cache.symlinks","text":"
  • cache.symlinks=BOOL: Enable kernel caching of symlink values. Defaults to false.

As of Linux v4.20 there is an ability to cache the value of symlinks so that the kernel does not need to make a request to mergerfs every single time a readlink request is made. While not a common usage pattern, if software very regularly queries symlink values, the use of this cache could significantly improve performance.

mergerfs will not error if the kernel used does not support symlink caching.

As with other caches the main risk in enabling it is if you are manipulating symlinks from both within and without the mergerfs mount. Should the value be changed outside of mergerfs then it will not be reflected in the mergerfs mount till the cached value is invalidated.

","path":["Config","caching"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/cache/#cachereaddir","level":2,"title":"cache.readdir","text":"
  • cache.readdir=BOOL: Enable kernel caching of readdir results. Defaults to false.

As of Linux v4.20 it supports readdir caching. This can have a significant impact on directory traversal. Especially when combined with entry (cache.entry) and attribute (cache.attr) caching. If the kernel doesn't support readdir caching setting the option to true has no effect. This option is configurable at runtime via xattr user.mergerfs.cache.readdir.

","path":["Config","caching"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/cache/#cachewriteback","level":2,"title":"cache.writeback","text":"
  • cache.writeback=BOOL: Enable writeback cache. Defaults to false.

When cache.files is enabled the default is for it to perform writethrough caching. This behavior won't help improve performance as each write still goes one for one through the filesystem. By enabling the FUSE writeback cache small writes may be aggregated by the kernel and then sent to mergerfs as one larger request. This can greatly improve the throughput for apps which write to files inefficiently. The amount the kernel can aggregate is limited by the size of a FUSE message. Read the fuse-msg-size section for more details.

There is a side effect as a result of enabling writeback caching. Underlying files won't ever be opened with O_APPEND or O_WRONLY. The former because the kernel then manages append mode and the latter because the kernel may request file data from mergerfs to populate the write cache. The O_APPEND change means that if a file is changed outside of mergerfs it could lead to corruption as the kernel won't know the end of the file has changed. That said any time you use caching you should keep from writing to the same file outside of mergerfs at the same time.

Note that if an application is properly sizing writes then writeback caching will have little or no effect. It will only help with writes of sizes below the FUSE message size (128K on older kernels, 1M on newer). Even then its effectiveness might not be great. Given the side effects of enabling this feature it is recommended that its benefits be proved out with benchmarks.

  1. This is not unique to mergerfs and affects all FUSE filesystems. It is something that the FUSE community hopes to investigate at some point but as of early 2025 there are a number of major reworking going on with FUSE which needs to be finished first. ↩

  2. https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_6.6#FUSE ↩

","path":["Config","caching"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/deprecated_options/","level":1,"title":"Deprecated Options","text":"

These are old, deprecated options which may no longer have any function or have been replaced. They should not be used.

  • allow_other: mergerfs v2.35.0 and above sets this FUSE option automatically if running as root.
  • async_read: Use async-read=true.
  • atomic_o_trunc: Does nothing.
  • attr_timeout: Use cache.attr.
  • auto_cache: Use cache.files=auto-full.
  • big_writes: Does nothing.
  • direct_io: Use cache.files=off.
  • entry_timeout: Use cache.entry.
  • hard_remove: Does nothing.
  • kernel_cache: Use cache.files=full.
  • negative_entry: Use cache.negative-entry.
  • noforget: Use never-forget-nodes.
  • nonempty: Does nothing.
  • splice_move: Does nothing.
  • splice_read: Does nothing.
  • splice_write: Does nothing.
  • sync_read: Use async-read=false.
  • use_ino: Use inodecalc.
","path":["Config","Deprecated Options"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/export-support/","level":1,"title":"export-support","text":"
  • export-support=true|false
  • Default: true

In theory, this flag should not be exposed to the end user. It is a low-level FUSE flag which indicates whether or not the kernel can send certain kinds of messages to it for the purposes of using it with NFS. mergerfs does support these messages but due to bugs and quirks found in the kernel and mergerfs this option is provided just in case it is needed for debugging.

Given that this flag is set when the FUSE connection is first initiated it is not possible to change during run time.

","path":["Config","export-support"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/flush-on-close/","level":1,"title":"flush-on-close","text":"

By default, FUSE would issue a flush before the release of a file descriptor. This was considered a bit aggressive and a feature added to give the FUSE server the ability to choose when that happens.

  • flush-on-close=always
  • flush-on-close=never
  • flush-on-close=opened-for-write
  • Defaults to opened-for-write.

For now it defaults to opened-for-write which is less aggressive than the behavior before this feature was added. It should not be a problem because the flush is really only relevant when a file is written to. Given flush is irrelevant for many filesystems in the future a branch specific flag may be added so only files opened on a specific branch would be flushed on close.

","path":["Config","flush-on-close"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/flush-on-close/#references","level":2,"title":"References","text":"
  • https://lkml.kernel.org/linux-fsdevel/20211024132607.1636952-1-amir73il@gmail.com/T/
","path":["Config","flush-on-close"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/follow-symlinks/","level":1,"title":"follow-symlinks","text":"

This feature, when enabled, will cause symlinks to be interpreted by mergerfs as their target.

When there is a getattr/stat request for a file mergerfs will check if the file is a symlink and depending on the follow-symlinks setting will replace the information about the symlink with that of that which it points to.

When unlink'ing or rmdir'ing the followed symlink it will remove the symlink itself and not that which it points to.

  • follow-symlinks=never: Behave as normal. Symlinks are treated as such.
  • follow-symlinks=directory: Resolve symlinks only which point to directories.
  • follow-symlinks=regular: Resolve symlinks only which point to regular files.
  • follow-symlinks=all: Resolve all symlinks to that which they point to. Symlinks which do not point to anything are left as is.
  • Defaults to never.

WARNING: This feature should be considered experimental. There might be edge cases yet found. If you find any odd behaviors please file a ticket on github.

","path":["Config","follow-symlinks"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/func_readdir/","level":1,"title":"func.readdir","text":"
  • type: STR
  • default: seq
  • examples: func.readdir=seq, func.readdir=cor:4

readdir has policies to control how to read directory content.

Policy Description seq \"sequential\" : Iterate sequentially over branches in the order defined in branches. This is the default and traditional behavior found prior to the readdir policy introduction. This will be increasingly slower as more branches are added to the pool. Especially if needing to wait for drives to spin up or network filesystems to respond. cosr:N:M \"concurrent open, sequential read\" : Concurrently open branch directories using a thread pool and process them in the order defined in branches. This keeps memory and CPU usage low while also reducing the time spent waiting on branches to respond. N is the number of threads. If negative it will be the core count divided by abs(N). M is the queue depth. If either value is 0 it will be decided based on system configuration. cosr:N cosr:N:M with M = 0 cosr cosr:N:M with N = 0 and M = 0 cor:N:M \"concurrent open and read\" : Concurrently open branch directories and immediately start reading their contents using a thread pool. This will result in slightly higher memory and CPU usage but reduced latency. Particularly when using higher latency / slower speed network filesystem branches. Unlike seq and cosr the order of files could change due the async nature of the thread pool. This should not be a problem since the order of files returned in not guaranteed. N is the number of threads. If negative it will be the core count divided by abs(N). M is the queue depth. If either value is 0 it will be decided based on system configuration. cor:N cosr:N:M with M = 0 cor cosr:N:M with N = 0 and M = 0

Keep in mind that readdir mostly just provides a list of file names in a directory and possibly some basic metadata about said files. To know details about the files, as one would see from commands like find or ls, it is required to call stat on the file which is controlled by fuse.getattr.

Until Linux v6.16, despite being able to change the size of FUSE messages, readdir requests were limited to 1 page (4KiB) in size per message. This limitation limited throughput and therefore performance of the readdir call. In v6.16 that was changed to be able to grow to the fuse-msg-size which allows a lot more data to be sent per request and therefore much better performance in certain situations.

","path":["Config","func.readdir"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/func_readdir/#technical-details","level":2,"title":"Technical Details","text":"
  • On Linux getdents is used instead of readdir in order to leverage larger buffers for better performance on larger directory reads as well as have more control in concurrent policies.
  • readdir is used on FreeBSD.
","path":["Config","func.readdir"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/functions_categories_policies/","level":1,"title":"functions, categories and policies","text":"

The POSIX filesystem API is made up of a number of functions. creat, stat, chown, etc. For ease of configuration in mergerfs, most of the core functions are grouped into 3 categories: action, create, and search. These functions and categories can be assigned a policy which dictates which branch is chosen when performing that function. IE. When an application requests that a file or directory is created how should mergerfs decide which branch to choose to attempt the create? That is the policy.

Some functions, listed in the category N/A below, can not be assigned the normal policies because they are directly related to a file which has already been opened.

","path":["Config","functions, categories and policies"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/functions_categories_policies/#functions-and-their-category-classifications","level":2,"title":"Functions and their Category classifications","text":"Category Functions action chmod, chown, link, removexattr, rename, rmdir, setxattr, truncate, unlink, utimens create create, mkdir, mknod, symlink search access, getattr, getxattr, ioctl (directories), listxattr, open, readlink N/A fchmod, fchown, futimens, ftruncate, fallocate, fgetattr, fsync, ioctl (files), read, readdir, release, statfs, write, copy_file_range

In cases where something may be searched for (such as a path to clone) getattr will usually be used.

","path":["Config","functions, categories and policies"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/functions_categories_policies/#policies","level":2,"title":"Policies","text":"

See below for available policies and their descriptions.

A policy is an algorithm designed to select one or more branches for a function to operate on.

Policies do not actually manage the filesystem or layout. They are strictly responsible for deciding which files or branches will be worked on in relation to the function being performed. Once the branch is chosen other parts of the system does what is necessary to accomplish the function. Such as the cloning of directories between branches.

When using policies which are based on a branch's available space the branch base path provided is used. Not the full path to the file or directory in question. Meaning that mounts within the branch will not be considered in the space calculations.

NOTE: While any policy can be assigned to a function or category, some may not be very useful in practice. For instance: rand (random) may be useful for file creation but could lead to very odd behavior if used for chmod if there were more than one copy of the file. Unless users find this flexibility useful it will likely be removed in the future.

","path":["Config","functions, categories and policies"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/functions_categories_policies/#filtering","level":2,"title":"Filtering","text":"

Most policies search branches and create a list of files / paths for functions to work on. The policy is responsible for filtering and sorting the branches. Filters include minfreespace, whether or not a branch is mounted read-only, and the branch mode (RO,NC,RW). These filters are applied across most policies.

  • No search function policies filter.
  • All action function policies filter out branches which are mounted read-only or mode is RO (read-only).
  • All create function policies filter out branches which are mounted read-only, mode RO (read-only) or NC (no create), or has available space less than minfreespace.

Policies may have their own additional filtering such as those that require relative paths to be present.

If all branches are filtered an error will be returned. Typically EROFS (read-only filesystem) or ENOSPC (no space left on device) depending on the most recent reason for filtering a branch.

If create, mkdir, mknod, or symlink fail with EROFS or other fundamental errors then mergerfs will mark any branch found to be read-only as such (IE will set the mode RO) and will rerun the policy and try again. This is mostly for ext4 filesystems that can suddenly become read-only when it encounters an error.

","path":["Config","functions, categories and policies"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/functions_categories_policies/#path-preservation","level":2,"title":"Path Preservation","text":"

Policies, as described below, are of two basic classifications. path preserving and non-path preserving.

All policies which start with ep (epff, eplfs, eplus, epmfs, eprand) are path preserving. ep stands for existing path.

A path preserving policy will only consider branches where the relative path being accessed already exists.

With the msp or most shared path policies they are defined as path preserving for the purpose of controlling link and rename's behaviors since ignorepponrename is available to disable that behavior.

","path":["Config","functions, categories and policies"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/functions_categories_policies/#policy-descriptions","level":2,"title":"Policy descriptions","text":"

A policy's behavior differs, as mentioned above, based on the function it is used with. Sometimes it really might not make sense to even offer certain policies because they are literally the same as others but it makes things a bit more uniform.

Policy Description pfrd (percentage free random distribution) Selects a branch randomly, with the probability of selection proportional to its available space relative to the total available space across all branches. For instance, if Branch A has 100 GB free and Branch B has 50 GB free, Branch A is twice as likely to be chosen. rand (random) Calls all and then randomizes. Returns 1 branch. mfs (most free space) Pick the branch with the most available free space. ff (first found) Given the order of the branches, as defined at mount time or configured at runtime, act on the first one found. lfs (least free space) Pick the branch with the least available free space. lup (least used percent) Pick the branch with the least used percentage of space lus (least used space) Pick the branch with the least used space. all Search: For mkdir, mknod, and symlink it will apply to all branches. create works like ff. msppfrd (most shared path, percentage free random distribution) Like eppfrd but if it fails to find a branch it will try again with the parent directory. Continues this pattern till finding one. mspmfs (most shared path, most free space) Like epmfs but if it fails to find a branch it will try again with the parent directory. Continues this pattern till finding one. msplfs (most shared path, least free space) Like eplfs but if it fails to find a branch it will try again with the parent directory. Continues this pattern till finding one. msplus (most shared path, least used space) Like eplus but if it fails to find a branch it will try again with the parent directory. Continues this pattern till finding one. eppfrd (existing path, percentage free random distribution) Like pfrd but limited to existing paths. epmfs (existing path, most free space) Of all the branches on which the relative path exists choose the branch with the most free space. eprand (existing path, random) Calls epall and then randomizes. Returns 1. epff (existing path, first found) Given the order of the branches, as defined at mount time or configured at runtime, act on the first one found where the relative path exists. eplfs (existing path, least free space) Of all the branches on which the relative path exists choose the branch with the least free space. eplus (existing path, least used space) Of all the branches on which the relative path exists choose the branch with the least used space. epall (existing path, all) For mkdir, mknod, and symlink it will apply to all found. create works like epff (but more expensive because it doesn't stop after finding a valid branch). newest Pick the file / directory with the largest mtime.

NOTE: If you are using an underlying filesystem that reserves blocks such as ext2, ext3, or ext4 be aware that mergerfs respects the reservation by using f_bavail (number of free blocks for unprivileged users) rather than f_bfree (number of free blocks) in policy calculations. df does NOT use f_bavail, it uses f_bfree, so direct comparisons between df output and mergerfs' policies is not appropriate.

","path":["Config","functions, categories and policies"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/functions_categories_policies/#defaults","level":2,"title":"Defaults","text":"Category Policy action epall create pfrd search ff","path":["Config","functions, categories and policies"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/fuse-msg-size/","level":1,"title":"fuse-msg-size","text":"
  • type: UINT|SIZE
  • default: 1M
  • example: fuse-msg-size=1M
  • If the value is a SIZE in the form of xB, xK, xM, xG, or xT then it will choose the closest multiple of the system page size. If the value is just an integer without a size multipler suffix then it is treated as a page count

FUSE applications communicate with the kernel over a special character device: /dev/fuse. A large portion of the overhead associated with FUSE is the cost of going back and forth between user space and kernel space over that device. Generally speaking, the fewer trips needed the better the performance will be. Reducing the number of trips can be done a number of ways. Kernel level caching and increasing message sizes being two significant ones. When it comes to reads and writes if the message size is doubled the number of trips are approximately halved.

In Linux v4.20 a new feature was added allowing the negotiation of the max message size. Since the size is in multiples of pages the feature is called max_pages. In versions of Linux prior to v6.13 there is a maximum max_pages value of 256 (1MiB) and minimum of 1 (4KiB). In Linux v6.13 and above the max value supported by the kernel can range from 1 (4KiB) to 65535 (~256MiB) (assuming a page size of 4KiB.) The default used by Linux >= 4.20, and hard coded value used before 4.20, is 32 (128KiB). In mergerfs it is referred to as fuse-msg-size to make it clear what it impacts and provide some abstraction.

If the fuse-msg-size value provided is more than the system wide maximum mergerfs will attempt to increase the system wide value to keep the user from needing to set the value using sysctl, /etc/sysctl.conf, or /proc/sys/fs/fuse/max_pages_limit.

The main downside to increasing the value is that memory usage will increase approximately relative to the number of processing threads configured. Keep this in mind for systems with lower amounts of memory like most SBCs. Performance improvements seem to peak around 4MiB.

On kernels before v4.20 the option has no effect. On kernels between v4.20 and v6.13 the max value is 256. On kernels >= v6.13 the maximum value is 65535.

NOTE: If you intend to enable cache.files you should also set readahead to match fuse-msg-size.

","path":["Config","fuse-msg-size"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/inodecalc/","level":1,"title":"inodecalc","text":"

Inodes (st_ino) are unique identifiers for files within a filesystem. Each mounted filesystem also has a (typically) unique device ID (st_dev) as well and together they can uniquely identify a file on the whole of the system. Entries on the same device with the same inode are (generally) in fact references to the same underlying file. It is a many to one relationship between names and an inode. Directories, however, do not have multiple links on most systems due to the complexity that would add.

FUSE allows the server (in this case mergerfs) to set inode values but not device IDs. Creating an inode value is somewhat complex in mergerfs' case as files aren't really in its control. If a policy changes what directory or file is to be selected or changes are made to branches out of band it becomes unclear what value should be used. Most software does not to care what the values are but those that do often break if a value changes unexpectedly. For instance: the tool find will abort a directory walk if it sees a directory inode change. NFS can return stale handle errors if the inode changes out-of-band. File dedup tools will usually leverage device ids and inodes as a shortcut in searching for duplicate files and would resort to full file comparisons should it find different inode values.

mergerfs offers multiple ways to calculate the inode in hopes of covering different usecases.

  • passthrough: Passes through the underlying inode value. Mostly intended for testing as using this does not address any of the problems mentioned above and could confuse file deduplication software as inodes from different filesystems can be the same.
  • path-hash: Hashes the relative path of the entry in question. The underlying file's values are completely ignored. This means the inode value will always be the same for that file path. This is useful when using NFS and you make changes out of band such as copy data between branches. This also means that entries that do point to the same file will not be recognizable via inodes. That does not mean hard links don't work. They will.
  • path-hash32: 32bit version of path-hash.
  • devino-hash: Hashes the branch path and inode of the underlying entry. This won't prevent issues with NFS should the policy pick a different file or files move out of band but will present the same inode for underlying files that share the same inode. Previous releases of mergerfs used the device ID but that changes on reboot. The downside to using the branch path is inodes for files on the same underlying filesystem will be different.
  • devino-hash32: 32bit version of devino-hash.
  • hybrid-hash: Performs path-hash on directories and devino-hash on other file types. Since directories can't have hard links the static value won't make a difference and the files will get values useful for finding duplicates. Probably the best to use if not using NFS. As such it is the default.
  • hybrid-hash32: 32bit version of hybrid-hash.

32bit versions are provided as there is some software which does not handle 64bit inodes well.

While there is a risk of hash collision in tests of a couple of million entries there were zero collisions. Unlike a typical filesystem FUSE filesystems can reuse inodes and not refer to the same entry. The internal identifier used to reference a file in FUSE is different from the inode value presented. The former is the nodeid and is actually a tuple of 2 64bit values: nodeid and generation. This tuple is not client facing. The inode that is presented to the client is passed through the kernel uninterpreted.

From FUSE docs for use_ino:

Honor the st_ino field in the functions getattr() and fill_dir(). This value is used to fill in the st_ino field in the stat(2), lstat(2), fstat(2) functions and the d_ino field in the readdir(2) function. The filesystem does not have to guarantee uniqueness, however some applications rely on this value being unique for the whole filesystem. Note that this does not affect the inode that libfuse and the kernel use internally (also called the \"nodeid\").

NOTE: As of version 2.35.0 the use_ino option has been removed. mergerfs should always be managing inode values.

","path":["Config","inodecalc"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/kernel-permissions-check/","level":1,"title":"kernel-permissions-check","text":"
  • kernel-permissions-check=true|false
  • Default: true

FUSE has a feature which mergerfs leverages which allows the kernel to do file permission checking rather than leaving it to the FUSE server (in this case mergerfs.) This improves performance. However, it also limits flexibility.

mergerfs should work fine regardless of this setting but there might be some currently unknown edge cases where disabling the feature might help. Like export-support this is mostly for debugging.

This option is a kernel mount option so unable to be changed at runtime. It controls the default_permissions FUSE kernel option.

","path":["Config","kernel-permissions-check"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/lazy-umount-mountpoint/","level":1,"title":"lazy-umount-mountpoint","text":"
  • type: BOOL
  • default: false
  • example: lazy-umount-mountpoint=true

When enabled mergerfs will issue a lazy umount request to the mount point as it starts.

Lazy unmount. Detach the filesystem from the file hierarchy\nnow, and clean up all references to this filesystem as soon as\nit is not busy anymore.\n

The value of using this is in situations where you wish to change options which can only be set at initialization or upgrade mergerfs itself. It also helps in the case of using mount -a which leads to a new instance of mergerfs being mounted due to it being unable to recognize that it is already mounted.

In theory mergerfs could notice that an instance is already mounted at the mount point and attempt to use the runtime interface to modify the options and only mounting a new instance if the version has changed or initialization time only options are changed. However, given the relative rarity of this being an issue it isn't a priority.

","path":["Config","lazy-umount-mountpoint"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/link-cow/","level":1,"title":"link-cow","text":"
  • link-cow=true|false
  • Defaults to false

This feature offers similar functionality to what cow-shell offers.

When enabled if mergerfs is asked to open a file to write and the link count on the file is greater than 1 it will copy the file to a temporary new file and then rename it over the original. This will atomically \"break\" the link. After that it will open the new file.

","path":["Config","link-cow"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/link-exdev/","level":1,"title":"link-exdev","text":"

If using path preservation and a link fails with EXDEV make a call to symlink where the target is the oldlink and the linkpath is the newpath. The target value is determined by the value of link-exdev.

  • link-exdev=passthrough: Return EXDEV as normal.
  • link-exdev=rel-symlink: A relative path from the newpath.
  • link-exdev=abs-base-symlink: An absolute value using the underlying branch.
  • link-exdev=abs-pool-symlink: An absolute value using the mergerfs mount point.
  • Defaults to passthrough.

NOTE: It is possible that some applications check the file they link. In those cases, it is possible it will error or complain.

","path":["Config","link-exdev"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/minfreespace/","level":1,"title":"minfreespace","text":"

default: 4G

minfreespace is used to set a minimum free space threshold when running create policies. Any branch with free space less than the minfreespace value will be skipped. This is the global default but individual branches can have their own value..

This is useful for a couple reasons.

  • Since mergerfs does not split files across branches it is best to leave space to write a newly created file on a branch to minimize the risk of running out of space and needing moveonenospc.
  • Some filesystems' performance degrades when filled. minfreespace provides a buffer so they are less likely to be filled.
  • Similar to ext4's reserved space option it minimizes the problems that come from running out of space.
","path":["Config","minfreespace"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/moveonenospc/","level":1,"title":"moveonenospc","text":"

When writing to a file a number of errors are possible. The ENOSPC error indicates their is no room for the data. That could be true due to the filesystem having actually no available space for data, or because a secondary resource (such as inodes) has been used up, or the filesystem might have a quota feature that is limiting how much storage a particular user may use, or (as on ext4 there might be a feature which reserves space for privileged processes.

Since mergerfs does not offer splitting of files across filesystems there are situations where a file is opened or created on a filesystem which is nearly full and eventually receives a ENOSPC error despite the pool having capacity. The moveonenospc feature allows the user to have some control over this situation.

When enabled and a write fails with ENOSPC or EDQUOT mergerfs will:

  1. Run the policy defined by moveonenospc to find a target branch.
  2. \"Move\" the file from the source branch to the target branch.
  3. Retry the write and continue on as normal.

If at any point something fails the progress so far will be cleaned up as appropriate and the original error returned.

If moveonenospc is disabled the underlying error will be returned.

NOTE: This feature has NO effect on policies. It ONLY applies to the literal write function. If the create function returns ENOSPC or the policy returns ENOSPC that error will be returned back to the application making the create request.

","path":["Config","moveonenospc"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/moveonenospc/#additional-reading","level":2,"title":"Additional Reading","text":"
  • Functions, Categories, Policies
  • Why do I get an \"out of space\" / \"no space left on device\" / ENOSPC error even though there appears to be lots of space available?
","path":["Config","moveonenospc"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/nfsopenhack/","level":1,"title":"nfsopenhack","text":"
  • nfsopenhack=off: No hack applied.
  • nfsopenhack=git: Apply hack if path includes /.git/.
  • nfsopenhack=all: Apply hack on all empty read-only files opened for writing.
  • Defaults to off.

NFS is not fully POSIX compliant and historically certain behaviors, such as opening files with O_EXCL, are not or not well supported. When mergerfs (or any FUSE filesystem) is exported over NFS some of these issues come up due to how NFS and FUSE interact.

This hack addresses the issue where the creation of a file with a read-only mode but with a read/write or write only flag. Normally this is perfectly valid but NFS chops the one open call into multiple calls. Exactly how it is translated depends on the configuration and versions of the NFS server and clients but it results in a permission error because a normal user is not allowed to open a read-only file as writable.

Even though it's a more niche situation this hack breaks normal security and behavior and as such is off by default. If set to git it will only perform the hack when the path in question includes /.git/. all will result in it applying anytime a read-only file which is empty is opened for writing.

","path":["Config","nfsopenhack"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/nullrw/","level":1,"title":"nullrw","text":"
  • nullrw=true|false
  • Defaults to false.

Due to how FUSE works there is an overhead to all requests made to a FUSE filesystem that wouldn't exist for an in kernel one. Meaning that even a simple passthrough will have some slowdown. However, generally the overhead is minimal in comparison to the cost of the underlying I/O. By disabling the underlying I/O we can test the theoretical performance boundaries.

By enabling nullrw mergerfs will work as it always does except that all reads and writes will be no-ops. A write will succeed (the size of the write will be returned as if it were successful) but mergerfs does nothing with the data it was given. Similarly a read will return the size requested but won't touch the buffer.

See the benchmarking section for suggestions on how to test.

","path":["Config","nullrw"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/options/","level":1,"title":"Options","text":"

mergerfs has many options to control it many features. For the average use case the options listed in the quickstart are sufficient. Most options are related to operating system or filesystem related concepts so having a basic background in such things is recommended for more advanced configurations.

These option names and values are the same regardless of whether you use them with the mergerfs command line program, in fstab, or in a config file.

","path":["Config","Options"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/options/#types","level":2,"title":"types","text":"
  • BOOL = 'true' | 'false'
  • INT = [MIN_INT,MAX_INT]
  • UINT = [0,MAX_INT]
  • SIZE = 'NNM'; NN = INT, M = 'B' | 'K' | 'M' | 'G' | 'T'
  • PAGESIZE = UINT (representing number of pages) | SIZE (in bytes which will be converted to pages)
  • STR = string (may refer to an enumerated value, see details of argument)
  • FUNC = filesystem function
  • CATEGORY = function category
  • POLICY = mergerfs function policy
","path":["Config","Options"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/options/#mount-options","level":2,"title":"mount options","text":"
  • config: Path to a config file. Same arguments as below in key or key=val style format. # used for comments.
  • branches: Colon delimited list of branches. Used primarily in a config file.
  • mountpoint=DIRPATH: The path to the mountpoint. Used primarily in a config file.
  • branches-mount-timeout=UINT: Number of seconds to wait at startup for branches to be a mount other than the mountpoint's filesystem. (default: 0)
  • branches-mount-timeout-fail=BOOL: If set to true then if branches-mount-timeout expires it will exit rather than continuing. (default: false)
  • minfreespace=SIZE: The minimum available space of a branch necessary to be considered for a create policy. This is a default value applied to all branches and can be overwritten when configuring branches. Understands 'K', 'M', and 'G' to represent kilobyte, megabyte, and gigabyte respectively. (default: 4G)
  • moveonenospc=BOOL|POLICY: When enabled if a write fails with ENOSPC (no space left on device) or EDQUOT (disk quota exceeded) the policy selected will run to find a new location for the file. An attempt to move the file to that branch will occur (keeping all metadata possible) and if successful the original is unlinked and the write retried. (default: pfrd)
  • inodecalc=passthrough|path-hash|devino-hash|hybrid-hash: Selects the inode calculation algorithm. (default: hybrid-hash)
  • dropcacheonclose=BOOL: When a file is requested to be closed call posix_fadvise on it first to instruct the kernel that we no longer need the data and it can drop its cache. Recommended when cache.files=partial|full|auto-full|per-process to limit double caching. (default: false)
  • direct-io-allow-mmap=BOOL: On newer kernels (>= 6.6) it is possible to disable file page caching while still allowing for shared mmap support. mergerfs will enable this feature if available but an option is provided to turn it off for testing and debugging purposes. (default: true)
  • symlinkify=BOOL: When enabled and a file is not writable and its mtime or ctime is older than symlinkify_timeout files will be reported as symlinks to the original files. Please read more below before using. (default: false)
  • symlinkify-timeout=UINT: Time to wait, in seconds, to activate the symlinkify behavior. (default: 3600)
  • nullrw=BOOL: Turns reads and writes into no-ops. The request will succeed but do nothing. Useful for benchmarking mergerfs. (default: false)
  • lazy-umount-mountpoint=BOOL: mergerfs will attempt to \"lazy umount\" the mountpoint before mounting itself. Useful when performing live upgrades of mergerfs. May not work on FreeBSD. (default: false)
  • ignorepponrename=BOOL: Ignore path preserving on rename. Typically rename and link act differently depending on the policy of create (read below). Enabling this will cause rename and link to always use the non-path preserving behavior. This means files, when renamed or linked, will stay on the same filesystem. (default: false)
  • export-support=BOOL: Sets a low-level FUSE feature intended to indicate the filesystem can support being exported via NFS. (default: true)
  • kernel-permissions-check=BOOL: Controls the FUSE default_permissions option. Primarily for debugging. (default: true)
  • security-capability=BOOL: If false return ENOATTR when xattr security.capability is queried. (default: true)
  • xattr=passthrough|noattr|nosys: Runtime control of xattrs. Default is to passthrough xattr requests. 'noattr' will short circuit as if nothing exists. 'nosys' will respond with ENOSYS as if xattrs are not supported or disabled. (default: passthrough)
  • link-cow=BOOL: When enabled if a regular file is opened which has a link count > 1 it will copy the file to a temporary file and rename over the original. Breaking the link and providing a basic copy-on-write function similar to cow-shell. (default: false)
  • statfs=base|full: Controls how statfs works. 'base' means it will always use all branches in statfs calculations. 'full' is in effect path preserving and only includes branches where the path exists. (default: base)
  • statfs-ignore=none|ro|nc: 'ro' will cause statfs calculations to ignore available space for branches mounted or tagged as 'read-only' or 'no create'. 'nc' will ignore available space for branches tagged as 'no create'. (default: none)
  • nfsopenhack=off|git|all: A workaround for exporting mergerfs over NFS where there are issues with creating files for write while setting the mode to read-only. (default: off)
  • follow-symlinks=never|directory|regular|all: Turns symlinks into what they point to. (default: never)
  • link-exdev=passthrough|rel-symlink|abs-base-symlink|abs-pool-symlink: When a link fails with EXDEV optionally create a symlink to the file instead.
  • rename-exdev=passthrough|rel-symlink|abs-symlink: When a rename fails with EXDEV optionally move the file to a special directory and symlink to it.
  • readahead=UINT: Set readahead (in kilobytes) for mergerfs and branches if greater than 0. (default: 0)
  • posix-acl=BOOL: Enable POSIX ACL support (if supported by kernel and underlying filesystem). (default: false)
  • async-read=BOOL: Perform reads asynchronously. If disabled or unavailable the kernel will ensure there is at most one pending read request per file handle and will attempt to order requests by offset. (default: true)
  • fuse-msg-size=PAGESIZE: Set the max number of pages per FUSE message. Only available on Linux >= 4.20 and ignored otherwise. (min: 1; max: 65535; default: \"1M\")
  • read-thread-count=INT: Number of threads to use. When used alone (process-thread-count=-1) it sets the number of threads reading and processing FUSE messages. When used together it sets the number of threads reading from FUSE. When set to zero it will attempt to discover and use the number of logical cores. If the thread count is set negative it will look up the number of cores then divide by the absolute value. ie. threads=-2 on an 8 core machine will result in 8 / 2 = 4 threads. There will always be at least 1 thread. If set to -1 in combination with process-thread-count then it will try to pick reasonable values based on CPU thread count. NOTE: higher number of threads increases parallelism but usually decreases throughput. (default: 0)
  • process-thread-count=INT: Enables separate thread pool to asynchronously process FUSE requests. In this mode read-thread-count refers to the number of threads reading FUSE messages which are dispatched to process threads. -1 means disabled otherwise acts like read-thread-count. (default: -1)
  • process-thread-queue-depth=UINT: Sets the number of requests any single process thread can have queued up at one time. Meaning the total memory usage of the queues is queue depth multiplied by the number of process threads plus read thread count. 0 sets the depth to the same as the process thread count. (default: 2)
  • pin-threads=STR: Selects a strategy to pin threads to CPUs (default: unset)
  • flush-on-close=never|always|opened-for-write: Flush data cache on file close. Mostly for when writeback is enabled or merging network filesystems. (default: opened-for-write)
  • scheduling-priority=INT: Set mergerfs' scheduling priority. Valid values range from -20 to 19. See setpriority man page for more details. (default: -10)
  • proxy-ioprio=BOOL: Use ioprio value from calling threads when reading and writing. (default: false)
  • fsname=STR: Sets the name of the filesystem as seen in mount, df, etc. Defaults to a list of the source paths concatenated together with the longest common prefix removed.
  • func.FUNC=POLICY: Sets the specific FUSE function's policy. See below for the list of value types. Example: func.getattr=newest
  • func.readdir=seq|cosr|cor|cosr:INT|cor:INT: Sets readdir policy. INT value sets the number of threads to use for concurrency. (default: seq)
  • category.action=POLICY: Sets policy of all FUSE functions in the action category. (default: epall)
  • category.create=POLICY: Sets policy of all FUSE functions in the create category. (default: pfrd)
  • category.search=POLICY: Sets policy of all FUSE functions in the search category. (default: ff)
  • cache.statfs=UINT: 'statfs' cache timeout in seconds. (default: 0)
  • cache.attr=UINT: File attribute cache timeout in seconds. (default: 1)
  • cache.entry=UINT: File name lookup cache timeout in seconds. (default: 1)
  • cache.negative-entry=UINT: Negative file name lookup cache timeout in seconds. (default: 0)
  • cache.files=off|partial|full|auto-full|per-process: File page caching mode (default: off)
  • cache.files.process-names=LIST: A pipe | delimited list of process comm names to enable page caching for when cache.files=per-process. (default: \"rtorrent|qbittorrent-nox\")
  • cache.writeback=BOOL: Enable kernel writeback caching (default: false)
  • cache.symlinks=BOOL: Cache symlinks (if supported by kernel) (default: false)
  • cache.readdir=BOOL: Cache readdir (if supported by kernel) (default: false)
  • parallel-direct-writes=BOOL: Allow the kernel to dispatch multiple, parallel (non-extending) write requests for files opened with cache.files=per-process (if the process is not in process-names) or cache.files=off. (Is a kernel feature added in v6.2) (default: true)
  • passthrough.io=ENUM: Enable FUSE IO passthrough if available. (default: off)
  • passthrough.max-stack-depth=INT: Set to 1 another filesystem can be stacked on mergerfs. Set to 2 to have mergerfs stacked over another filesystem. (default: 1)
  • remember-nodes=INT: The number of seconds to keep the internal representation of a file once the OS tells mergerfs it is no longer needed. Really only needed for exporting mergerfs via NFS (default: 0)
  • never-forget-nodes=BOOL: Sets remember-nodes to infinity. Formerly noforget. (default: false)
  • allow-idmap=BOOL: Enables idmap (identity mapping). (default: true)
  • debug: Enable debugging information. At the moment limited to a FUSE message trace saved to log.file. (default: false)
  • log.file: The file path for the FUSE message trace. Empty string will set to stderr. (default: stderr)

NOTE: Options are evaluated in the order listed so if the options are func.rmdir=rand,category.action=ff the action category setting will override the rmdir setting.

NOTE: Always look at the documentation for the version of mergerfs you're using. Not all features are available in older releases.

","path":["Config","Options"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/passthrough/","level":1,"title":"passthrough.io","text":"
  • default: off
  • arguments:
    • off: Passthrough is never enabled.
    • ro: Only enable IO passthrough when file opened for reading only.
    • wo: Only enable IO passthrough when file opened for writing only.
    • rw: Enable IO passthrough when file opened for reading, writing, or both.

In Linux 6.9 a IO passthrough feature was added to FUSE. Typically mergerfs has to act as an active proxy for all read and write requests. This results in, at times, significant overhead compared to direct interaction with the underlying filesystems. Not because mergerfs is doing anything particularly slow but because the additional communication and data transfers required. With the passthrough.io feature mergerfs is able to instruct the kernel to perform reads and writes directly on the underlying file. Bypassing mergerfs entirely (specifically and only for reads and writes) and thereby providing near native performance.

This performance does come at the cost of some functionality as mergerfs no longer has control over reads and writes which means all features related to read/write are affected.

  • moveonenospc: Does not work because errors are not reported back to mergerfs.
  • nullrw: Since mergerfs no longer receives read/write requests there is no read or write to ignore.
  • readahead: Still affects the readahead values of underlying filesystems and mergerfs itself but no longer relevant to mergerfs in that it is not servicing IO requests.
  • fuse-msg-size: The primary reason to increase the FUSE message size is to allow transferring more data per request which helps improve read and write performance. Without read/write requests being sent to mergerfs there is little reason to have larger message sizes since the only other message larger than 1 page, directory reading, currently has a small fixed buffer size.
  • parallel-direct-writes: Not only is direct-io and passthrough.io mutually exclusive but since mergerfs no longer receives write requests in passthrough mode then there is no parallel writes possible.
  • cache.writeback: FUSE's writeback caching is incompatible with passthrough.io. If cache.writeback=true when enabling passthrough.io it will be reset to false.
  • cache.files: Must be enabled for passthrough.io to work. When cache.files=off FUSE's direct-io mode is enabled which overrides passthrough.io. Meaning cache.files should be set to partial, full or auto-full to use passthrough.io. If cache.files is set to off when using passthrough.io it will reset it to auto-full.

Technically mergerfs has the ability to choose options like passthrough.io, direct-io, and page caching independently for every file opened. However, at the moment there is no use case for picking and choosing which to enable outside cache.files=per-process (which is largely unnecessary on Linux v6.6 and above. See direct-io-allow-mmap) If such a use case arises please reach out to the author to discuss.

Unlike preload.so, passthrough.io will work for any software interacting with mergerfs. However, passthrough.io requires Linux v6.9 or above to work.

NOTE: This feature will ONLY work if mergerfs is running as root as currently only root is allowed to leverage the kernel feature.

NOTE: If a file has been opened and passthrough.io enabled, while that file is open, if another open request is made mergerfs must also enable passthrough.io for the second open request. This is a limitation of how the passthrough feature works.

NOTE: In order to add passthrough.io feature to mergerfs it was necessary to remove the \"feature\" where mergerfs could open the same file on different branches. Such as using func.open=rand and having multiple files at the same relative path across different branches. This \"feature\" was very very rarely used and it was impossible to support passthrough.io without changing that behavior.

","path":["Config","passthrough.io"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/passthrough/#alternatives","level":2,"title":"Alternatives","text":"
  • preload.so: Leverages the ability to intercept certain filesystem calls to bypass mergerfs for IO. See page for details and limitations.
","path":["Config","passthrough.io"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/passthrough/#benchmarks","level":2,"title":"Benchmarks","text":"

Simple dd based benchmark on a Hades Canyon (Intel i7-8809G, 32GB DDR4-2400 RAM).

# /mnt/test is mergerfs over a single tmpfs mount\ndd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/test/tmpfile bs=1M count=2000 oflag=nocache\nconv=fdatasync status=progress\n

Summary: passthrough is ~95% native speed. 200% faster than direct-io (cache.files=off).

  • straight to tmpfs: 1.7 GB/s
  • nullrw=true: 2.1 GB/s
  • cache.files=off; passthrough.io=off: 800 MB/s
  • cache.files=auto-full; passthrough.io=rw: 1.6 GB/s
  • cache.files=auto-full; cache.writeback=false: 518 MB/s
  • cache.files=auto-full; cache.writeback=true: 518 MB/s
","path":["Config","passthrough.io"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/pin-threads/","level":1,"title":"pin-threads","text":"

Simple strategies for pinning read and/or process threads. If process threads are not enabled then the strategy simply works on the read threads. Invalid values are ignored.

  • pin-threads=R1L: All read threads pinned to a single logical CPU.
  • pin-threads=R1P: All read threads pinned to a single physical CPU.
  • pin-threads=RP1L: All read and process threads pinned to a single logical CPU.
  • pin-threads=RP1P: All read and process threads pinned to a single physical CPU.
  • pin-threads=R1LP1L: All read threads pinned to a single logical CPU, all process threads pinned to a (if possible) different logical CPU.
  • pin-threads=R1PP1P: All read threads pinned to a single physical CPU, all process threads pinned to a (if possible) different logical CPU.
  • pin-threads=RPSL: All read and process threads are spread across all logical CPUs.
  • pin-threads=RPSP: All read and process threads are spread across all physical CPUs.
  • pin-threads=R1PPSP: All read threads are pinned to a single physical CPU while process threads are spread across all other physical CPUs.
","path":["Config","pin-threads"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/proxy-ioprio/","level":1,"title":"proxy-ioprio","text":"
  • type: BOOL
  • default: false
  • example: proxy-ioprio=true

In Linux certain process schedulers have the ability to prioritize based on a per thread IO priority assigned to the software by users using tools such as ionice. Since such details are not provided by the FUSE protocol, users may not use schedulers which support IO priority, and the extra overhead to query the priority and set it within mergerfs it does not by default attempt to mirror/proxy the value. When enabled however, for all read and write requests, mergerfs will query the priority of the requesting process/thread and set the same value on the thread within mergerfs making the read/write.

This may be useful in situation where the system has high IO load or processes are known to have varying priorities. See the man page for specific details.

Keep in mind that if no IO scheduler has been set for a thread then by default the IO priority will match the CPU nice value which for mergerfs is set by scheduling-priority. Nice value proxying may be added in a future release.

","path":["Config","proxy-ioprio"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/proxy-ioprio/#conflicts-with-other-options","level":2,"title":"Conflicts With Other Options","text":"

If using IO passthrough there is no reason to set this value to true. However, since passthrough.io leads to mergerfs IO calls being bypassed entirely will have no impact on performance or behavior regardless.

When using passthrough.io the IO priority of the client app would be used directly given the IO is passed through.

","path":["Config","proxy-ioprio"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/proxy-ioprio/#supported-platforms","level":2,"title":"Supported Platforms","text":"

Only Linux. This is not supported on FreeBSD.

","path":["Config","proxy-ioprio"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/proxy-ioprio/#performance-impact","level":2,"title":"Performance Impact","text":"

Despite the additional syscalls requires the impact appears undetectable with larger buffer sizes. At very small buffer sizes (such as 512 bytes) there is a noticable but small impact (~1.5%).

","path":["Config","proxy-ioprio"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/readahead/","level":1,"title":"readahead","text":"

Sets the mergerfs and underlying filesystem readahead values. The value unit is in kibibytes.

  • readahead=1024

While the max size of messages sent between the kernel and mergerfs is configurable via the fuse-msg-size option that doesn't mean that is the size used by the kernel for read and writes.

Linux has a max read/write size of 2GB. Since the max FUSE message size is just over 1MiB (by default on more recent kernels) the kernel will break up read and write requests with buffers larger than that 1MiB.

When page caching is disabled (cache.files=off), besides the kernel breaking up requests with larger buffers, requests are effectively one for one to mergerfs. A read or write request for X bytes is made to the kernel and a request for X bytes is made to mergerfs. No readahead behavior will occur because there is no page cache available for it to store that data. In FUSE this is referred to as \"direct IO\". Note that \"direct IO\" is not the same as O_DIRECT.

When page caching is enabled the kernel can and will utilize readahead. However, there are two values which impact the size of the readahead requests. The filesystem's readahead value and the FUSE max_readahead value. Whichever is lowest is used. The default max_readahead in mergerfs is maxed out meaning only the filesystem readahead value is relevant.

Preferably this value would be set by the user externally since it is a generic feature but there is no standard way to do so mergerfs added this feature to make it easier to set.

There is currently no way to set separate values for different branches through mergerfs. In fact at some point the feature may be changed to only set mergerfs' readahead.

","path":["Config","readahead"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/rename-exdev/","level":1,"title":"rename-exdev","text":"

If using path preservation and a rename fails with EXDEV:

  1. Move file from /branch/a/b/c to /branch/.mergerfs_rename_exdev/a/b/c.
  2. symlink the rename's newpath to the moved file.

The target value is determined by the value of rename-exdev.

  • rename-exdev=passthrough: Return EXDEV as normal.
  • rename-exdev=rel-symlink: A relative path from the newpath.
  • rename-exdev=abs-symlink: An absolute value using the mergerfs mount point.
  • Defaults to passthrough.

NOTE: It is possible that some applications check the file they rename. In those cases it is possible it will error or complain.

NOTE: The reason abs-symlink is not split into two like link-exdev is due to the complexities in managing absolute base symlinks when multiple oldpaths exist.

","path":["Config","rename-exdev"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/rename_and_link/","level":1,"title":"rename and link","text":"

rename and link are arguably the most complicated functions to create in a union filesystem. rename only works within a single filesystem or device. If a rename can not be done due to the source and destination paths existing on different mount points it will return an error (EXDEV, cross device / improper link). So if a rename's source and target are on different filesystems within the pool it creates an issue.

Originally mergerfs would return EXDEV whenever a rename was requested which was cross directory in any way. This made the code simple and was technically compliant with POSIX requirements. However, many applications fail to handle EXDEV at all and treat it as a normal error or otherwise handle it poorly. Such apps include: gvfsd-fuse v1.20.3 and prior, Finder / CIFS/SMB client in Apple OSX 10.9+, NZBGet, Samba's recycling bin feature.

As a result a compromise was made in order to get most software to work while still obeying mergerfs' policies. The behavior is explained below.

  • If using a create policy which tries to preserve directory paths (epff,eplfs,eplus,epmfs)
    • Using the rename policy get the list of files to rename
    • For each file attempt rename:
      • If failure with ENOENT (no such file or directory) run create policy
      • If create policy returns the same branch as currently evaluating then clone the path
      • Re-attempt rename
    • If any of the renames succeed the higher level rename is considered a success
    • If no renames succeed the first error encountered will be returned
    • On success:
    • Remove the target from all branches with no source file
    • Remove the source from all branches which failed to rename
  • If using a create policy which does not try to preserve directory paths
    • Using the rename policy get the list of files to rename
    • Using the getattr policy get the target path
    • For each file attempt rename:
      • If the target path does not exist on the source branch:
        • Clone target path from target branch to source branch
      • rename
    • If any of the renames succeed the higher level rename is considered a success
    • If no renames succeed the first error encountered will be returned
    • On success:
    • Remove the target from all branches with no source file
    • Remove the source from all branches which failed to rename

The removals are subject to normal entitlement checks. If the unlink fails it will fail silently.

The above behavior will help minimize the likelihood of EXDEV being returned but it will still be possible.

link uses the same strategy but without the removals.

","path":["Config","rename and link"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/rename_and_link/#additional-reading","level":2,"title":"Additional Reading","text":"
  • Do hardlinks work?
  • How does mergerfs handle moving and copying of files?
  • Why are file moves and renames failing?
","path":["Config","rename and link"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/statfs/","level":1,"title":"statfs / statvfs","text":"
  • statfs=base: Aggregate details from all branches using their base directory.
  • statfs=full: Aggregate details using the full path of the file requested. Limiting it to only branches where the file exists.
  • Defaults to base.

statvfs normalizes the source filesystems based on the fragment size and sums the number of adjusted blocks and inodes. This means you will see the combined space of all sources. Total, used, and free. The sources however are dedupped based on the filesystem so multiple sources on the same drive will not result in double counting its space. Other filesystems mounted further down the tree of the branch will not be included when checking the mount's stats.

","path":["Config","statfs / statvfs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/statfs/#statfs_ignore","level":2,"title":"statfs_ignore","text":"

Modifies how statfs works. Will cause it to ignore branches of a certain mode.

  • statfs_ignore=none: Include all branches.
  • statfs_ignore=ro: Ignore available space for branches mounted as read-only or have a mode RO or NC.
  • statfs_ignore=nc: Ignore available space for branches with a mode of NC.
  • Defaults to none.
","path":["Config","statfs / statvfs"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/symlinkify/","level":1,"title":"symlinkify","text":"
  • symlinkify=true|false
  • Defaults to false.

Due to the levels of indirection introduced by mergerfs and the underlying technology FUSE there can be varying levels of performance degradation. This feature will turn non-directories which are not writable into symlinks to the original file found by the readlink policy after the mtime and ctime are older than the timeout.

WARNING: The current implementation has a known issue in which if the file is open and being used when the file is converted to a symlink then the application which has that file open will receive an error when using it. This is unlikely to occur in practice but is something to keep in mind.

WARNING: Some backup solutions, such as CrashPlan, do not backup the target of a symlink. If using this feature it will be necessary to point any backup software to the original filesystems or configure the software to follow symlinks if such an option is available. Alternatively, create two mounts. One for backup and one for general consumption.

","path":["Config","symlinkify"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/threads/","level":1,"title":"threads","text":"

There are multiple thread pools used in mergerfs to provide parallel behaviors.

","path":["Config","threads"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/threads/#read-thread-count","level":2,"title":"read-thread-count","text":"

Defaults to 0

The number of threads used to read messages from the kernel. If used alone processing will be done on the same thread. If process-thread-count is enabled then this thread pool will read messages and the process thread pool will do the work. This can increase how much mergerfs can process at one time but may reduce throughput.

  • read-thread-count=0 and process-thread-count=-1: Create 1 read+process thread per logical CPU core upto 8.
  • read-thread-count=N where N>0 and process-thread-count=-1: Create a thread pool of N read+process threads.
  • read-thread-count=N where N<0 and process-thread-count=-1: Create a read+process thread pool of CPUCount / -N threads. Minimum of 1.
  • read-thread-count=0 and process-thread-count=0: Create 2 read threads and a process thread per logical CPU core upto 8.
  • read-thread-count=0 and process-thread-count!=-1: Creates 2 read threads and number of process threads as defined below.
","path":["Config","threads"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/threads/#process-thread-count","level":2,"title":"process-thread-count","text":"

Defaults to -1

When enabled this sets the number of threads in the message processing pool.

  • process-thread-count=-1: Process thread pool is disabled.
  • process-thread-count=0: Create 1 thread process thread per logical CPU core upto 8.
  • process-thread-count=N where N>0: Create a thread pool of N threads.
  • process-thread-count=N where N<-1: Create a thread pool of CPUCount / -N threads. Minimum of 1.
","path":["Config","threads"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/threads/#process-thread-queue-depth","level":2,"title":"process-thread-queue-depth","text":"

Defaults to 2

Sets the depth queue for the processing thread queue per thread. Meaning if the read threads are getting requests faster than can be processed they will be queued up upto the queue depth. Despite the calculation being per thread the queue depth is shared across all in the pool.

  • process-thread-queue-depth=N where N>0: Sets the number of outstanding requests that the process thread pool can have to N * process-thread-count. If requests come in faster than can be processed and the max queue depth hit then queuing the request will block in order to limit memory growth.
  • process-thread-queue-depth<=0: Sets the queue depth to 2. May be used in the future to set dynamically.
","path":["Config","threads"],"tags":[]},{"location":"config/xattr/","level":1,"title":"xattr","text":"
  • xattr=passthrough: Passes through all requests to underlying file.
  • xattr=noattr: mergerfs receives the request but returns NOATTR.
  • xattr=nosys: Tells the kernel to reject all xattr requests.
  • Defaults to passthrough.

Runtime extended attribute support can be managed via the xattr option. By default it will passthrough any xattr calls. Given xattr support is rarely used and can have significant performance implications mergerfs allows it to be disabled at runtime. The performance problems mostly comes when file caching is enabled. The kernel will send a getxattr for security.capability before every single write. It doesn't cache the responses to any getxattr. This might be addressed in the future but for now mergerfs can really only offer the following workarounds.

noattr will cause mergerfs to short circuit all xattr calls and return ENOATTR where appropriate. mergerfs still gets all the requests but they will not be forwarded on to the underlying filesystems. The runtime control will still function in this mode.

nosys will cause mergerfs to return ENOSYS for any xattr call. The difference with noattr is that the kernel will cache this fact and itself short circuit future calls. This is more efficient than noattr but will cause mergerfs' runtime control via the hidden file to stop working.

","path":["Config","xattr"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/compatibility_and_integration/","level":1,"title":"Compatibility and Integration","text":"","path":["FAQ","Compatibility and Integration"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/compatibility_and_integration/#what-operating-systems-does-mergerfs-support","level":2,"title":"What operating systems does mergerfs support?","text":"

Primarily Linux. FreeBSD is casually supported but not well tested.

With FreeBSD certain Linux functions and FUSE features are not supported. In many cases the absence will not be noticed however more advanced features will not be available.

","path":["FAQ","Compatibility and Integration"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/compatibility_and_integration/#why-not-support-macos","level":3,"title":"Why not support MacOS?","text":"
  • Last checked the support for FUSE on MacOS was in flux.
  • MacOS is not an OS commonly used for NASs and other use cases for which mergerfs is used.
  • trapexit does not own a MacOS based system.
","path":["FAQ","Compatibility and Integration"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/compatibility_and_integration/#why-not-support-windows","level":3,"title":"Why not support Windows?","text":"

WinFSP does implement a libfuse compatible API for Windows however mergerfs does not use libfuse (perhaps ironically.) Even if mergerfs was ported to use libfuse it would require the use of the low level API. WinFSP does not appear to support libfuse's low level API.

Windows, while used for NAS systems more often than MacOS, is still relatively uncommon when compared to Linux. Drive Pool is a good alternative. It may also be possible to use mergerfs with WSL.

","path":["FAQ","Compatibility and Integration"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/compatibility_and_integration/#what-filesystems-can-be-used-as-branches","level":2,"title":"What filesystems can be used as branches?","text":"

ext4, btrfs, xfs, f2fs, zfs, nfs, etc.

Most any filesystem should work but there could be issues with non-POSIX compliant filesystems such as nfs (w/ root squashing), vfat, ntfs, cifs, exfat, etc. When directories need to be created or files moved by mergerfs if the filesystem returns errors due to not supporting certain POSIX filesystem features it could result in the core functions failing.

Since mergerfs is not generally used with non-POSIX filesystems this has not been a problem for users and there are some checks for known edge cases but it is possible some are not accounted for. If use with a filesystem results in issues please file a ticket with the details.

","path":["FAQ","Compatibility and Integration"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/compatibility_and_integration/#what-types-of-storage-devices-does-mergerfs-work-with","level":2,"title":"What types of storage devices does mergerfs work with?","text":"

Since mergerfs works at the filesystem level rather than device level there is no compatibility concerns based on the physical storage devices involved.

","path":["FAQ","Compatibility and Integration"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/compatibility_and_integration/#can-i-use-mergerfs-without-snapraid-snapraid-without-mergerfs","level":2,"title":"Can I use mergerfs without SnapRAID? SnapRAID without mergerfs?","text":"

https://www.snapraid.it

Yes. They are completely unrelated pieces of software that just happen to work well together.

","path":["FAQ","Compatibility and Integration"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/compatibility_and_integration/#how-does-mergerfs-interact-with-snapraid-recovery-behavior","level":2,"title":"How does mergerfs interact with SnapRAID recovery behavior?","text":"

SnapRAID does not choose parity layout based on directory structure or relative path. As each file is discovered, SnapRAID fills parity space for that file based on its size using the next available parity area. This makes the logical parity layout depend on discovery order, file size, and how much data already exists on each filesystem at that time. Filesystems with similar used space, regardless of total capacity, are more likely to place newly added files into similar parity positions.

Because of that, if files are changed or removed across multiple branches and those files happen to overlap in parity space, recovery of those deleted files may be less reliable. This is not a general concern, is not unique to mergerfs usage, and it does not affect filesystem failure recovery. It is specifically a concern when trying to recover from accidental deletion of files spread across multiple filesystems.

In practice this mostly matters when the filesystems have very similar used space, the files are created across those filesystems around the same time, and you later want SnapRAID to recover an accidental deletion spanning multiple filesystems. Otherwise this is usually not something to worry about.

If, however, this is a concern it can be beneficial to keep files on as few filesystems as possible or otherwise keep related files together. See the collocation section.

","path":["FAQ","Compatibility and Integration"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/compatibility_and_integration/#can-i-use-mergerfs-without-nonraid-nonraid-without-mergerfs","level":2,"title":"Can I use mergerfs without NonRAID? NonRAID without mergerfs?","text":"

https://github.com/qvr/nonraid

Yes. They are completely unrelated pieces of software that just happen to work well together.

","path":["FAQ","Compatibility and Integration"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/compatibility_and_integration/#how-does-mergerfs-interact-with-nonraid","level":3,"title":"How does mergerfs interact with NonRAID?","text":"

There are no known special interactions or concerns between mergerfs and NonRAID. They are separate tools and mergerfs has no known behavior which requires any special configuration or caveats when used with NonRAID.

","path":["FAQ","Compatibility and Integration"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/compatibility_and_integration/#does-mergerfs-support-cow-copy-on-write-writes-to-read-only-filesystems","level":2,"title":"Does mergerfs support CoW / copy-on-write / writes to read-only filesystems?","text":"

Not in the sense of a filesystem like BTRFS or ZFS nor in the overlayfs or aufs sense. It does offer a cow-shell like hard link breaking (copy to temp file then rename over original) which can be useful when wanting to save space by hardlinking duplicate files but wish to treat each name as if it were a unique and separate file.

If you want to write to a read-only filesystem you should look at overlayfs. You can always include the overlayfs mount into a mergerfs pool.

","path":["FAQ","Compatibility and Integration"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/compatibility_and_integration/#can-mergerfs-run-via-docker-podman-kubernetes-etc","level":2,"title":"Can mergerfs run via Docker, Podman, Kubernetes, etc.","text":"

Yes. See installation page.

","path":["FAQ","Compatibility and Integration"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/compatibility_and_integration/#how-does-mergerfs-interact-with-user-namespaces","level":2,"title":"How does mergerfs interact with user namespaces?","text":"

FUSE does not have any special integration with Linux user namespaces used by container runtime platforms like Docker, Podman, etc. The uid/gid values passed to mergerfs will be the host level values rather than that seen inside the container. Meaning root in a container with user namespaces configured will not be root to mergerfs. Same with any other uid/gid. Meaning your permissions on your branches must work with the translated values from the id mapping.

It is generally recommended to not use user namespacing / id mapping given the complication it introduces.

","path":["FAQ","Compatibility and Integration"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/compatibility_and_integration/#can-mergerfs-be-used-with-nfs-root-squash","level":2,"title":"Can mergerfs be used with NFS root squash?","text":"

If mergerfs is pooling a NFS mount then root squash must be disabled as mergerfs needs to be able to have elevated privileges to do what it does (set permissions, ownership, etc.)

If you are exporting mergerfs over NFS it is not strictly necessary to disable root squashing but 3rd party software running as root may fail.

See the section on remote filesystems.

","path":["FAQ","Compatibility and Integration"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/compatibility_and_integration/#does-inotify-and-fanotify-work","level":2,"title":"Does inotify and fanotify work?","text":"

Yes. You can test by using inotifywait or inotifywatch.

However, you can not get notifications for events that occur outside of the mergerfs mount. For instance if you are doing out-of-band changes it is not possible to get those events forwarded through mergerfs. FUSE offers no mechanism to publish events and even if it did it would require somewhat expensive inotify or fanotify watches on all branches.

Most software which has the ability to actively monitor a filesystem (such as Plex, Emby, Jellyfin, Airsonic, etc.) are using inotify or fanotify.

If you must add content out-of-band the only way to get real-time updates (via inotify or fanotify) is to add the underlying branches to the software rather than using the mergerfs mount. An alternative is to enable regular library scanning. Plex, for instance, has \"Scan my library periodically\". Additionally, if you are using software such as Radarr, Sonarr, or Lidarr you can configure it to trigger library updates in a number of services. This can be found under Settings > Connect.

","path":["FAQ","Compatibility and Integration"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/configuration_and_policies/","level":1,"title":"Configuration and Policies","text":"","path":["FAQ","Configuration and Policies"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/configuration_and_policies/#what-settings-should-i-use","level":2,"title":"What settings should I use?","text":"

Depends on what features you want. Generally, there are no \"good\", \"bad\", \"inefficient\", or \"optimal\" settings. Options are almost exclusively functional. Meaning they change the behavior of the software. It is best to read over the available options and choose what fits your use case. If something is not clear from the documentation please reach out and the documentation will be improved.

The settings described in the Quick Start are sufficient for most users.

Filesystems are complex and use cases numerous. There simply is no way to provide a singular setup that works for all situations. Since mergerfs does not impact the underlying filesystems and can be added or removed without any impact it is extremely easy to test and experiment with different settings.

Additional reading:

  • Config/Options
","path":["FAQ","Configuration and Policies"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/configuration_and_policies/#what-create-policy-should-i-use","level":2,"title":"What create policy should I use?","text":"

If it isn't clear to you then you should use pfrd as described in the quickstart guide.

","path":["FAQ","Configuration and Policies"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/configuration_and_policies/#why-are-there-no-policies-based-on-file-size","level":2,"title":"Why are there no policies based on file size?","text":"

Because it is not possible to know the final size of a file at creation time.

See How does mergerfs handle moving and copying of files? and Intro to Filesystems - Creating a file.

","path":["FAQ","Configuration and Policies"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/configuration_and_policies/#why-is-pfrd-the-default-create-policy","level":2,"title":"Why is pfrd the default create policy?","text":"

Originally the default was epmfs however it was found to cause significant confusion among new users who assumed mergerfs to behave like other software which always choose a branch with most available space without any filtering or restrictions. The reason for using epmfs was to allow people to use mergerfs without impacting the layout of their data across the branches. Keeping the total entropy of the system in check. This, however, was not understood by users who did not read the documentation and caused significant support burdens.

For mergerfs v2.41.0 it was decided to change the default to pfrd to minimize the support burden.

pfrd was chosen because it prioritizes placement to branches based on free space (percentage wise) without overloading a specific branch as mfs, lus, or other policies could when a singular branch has significantly more free space. Since it is impossible to know the usage and access patterns of the filesystem spreading out files across the branches also spreads the load and therefore good for general use cases making it a good default.

Additional reading:

  • functions, categories and policies
","path":["FAQ","Configuration and Policies"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/configuration_and_policies/#how-can-i-ensure-files-are-collocated-on-the-same-branch","level":2,"title":"How can I ensure files are collocated on the same branch?","text":"

Many people like the idea of ensuring related files, such as all the files to a TV show season or songs in an album, are stored on the same storage device. However, most people have no technical need for this behavior.

  1. If you backup your data it is extremely likely your backup solution can restore only those files you are missing. There is no need to store data in related units to ensure restoring data is easy.
  2. Software such as Sonarr can manage the downloading and post processing of bespoke files / episodes which may be missing. Either by downloading the episode individually if available or by downloading a full season.
  3. There is no benefit to keeping files collocated with regard to drive spinup, caching, or other secondary concern. In fact depending on usage patterns placing the data on the same underlying device could harm performance.

The main use case for wanting collocation is where the branch is going to be removed from the pool and used in isolation temporarily and you wish to have all data from some logical set on that device. Such as you intend to take a drive out of the pool to take on a trip and want a whole show or artist's works on the drive. However, even in these situations you typically end up needing to curate the files anyway because it has show A but not show B. In such cases it is more convient to use a separate devices and sync what you wish to it.

All that said you can accomplish collocation to varying degrees using the following methods:

  1. Use mergerfs.consolidate when consolidation is needed.
  2. Use a msp create policy to do a best effort collocation without needing explicit directory curation.
  3. Use epmfs or other ep create policy and manually create paths on the branches directly as you need/desire.
  4. Use a ep create policy and pfrd or rand for mkdir.
","path":["FAQ","Configuration and Policies"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/configuration_and_policies/#how-can-i-balance-files-across-the-pool","level":2,"title":"How can I balance files across the pool?","text":"

Similar to collocation there is generally little reason to balance files across the pool branches.

  1. Since prediction of a device's/filesystem's death or loss of data is near impossible there is little reason to balance in hopes of limiting data loss.
  2. While performance could be impacted by having too much reading or writing happen to singular underlying filesystems balancing won't help unless you have the ability to manage the access patterns to the pool.
  3. Over time the churn of adding and removing files will lead to a random distribution of files across the branches which is effectively \"balancing\" if using create policies which do not favor any particular branch.

All that said if you wish to move files around or balance the pool you can:

  1. Use rand or pfrd create policies and just use your system as normal.
  2. Write scripts using rsync or similar to move files around as you wish.
  3. Use mergerfs.balance. Keep in mind that this tool is really just an example of how to accomplish such a task. The tool does not keep track of links so you may encounter an increase in used space if you rely on links to reduce redundancy. However, you can run a file dedup program like rdfind to restore the links.
","path":["FAQ","Configuration and Policies"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/have_you_considered/","level":1,"title":"\"Have You Considered?\"","text":"","path":["FAQ","\"Have You Considered?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/have_you_considered/#have-you-considered-limiting-drive-spinup","level":2,"title":"Have you considered limiting drive spinup?","text":"

Yes. See Limiting Drive Spinup.

","path":["FAQ","\"Have You Considered?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/have_you_considered/#have-you-considered-porting-to-macos","level":2,"title":"Have you considered porting to MacOS?","text":"

Yes, but the FUSE implementation on MacOS has gotten a bit complicated and fragmented. I'm not opposed to supporting it but given the low demand, lack of the author having a modern MacOS system, the fact mergerfs does not use standard libfuse API, and MacOS FUSE situation it is unlikely.

","path":["FAQ","\"Have You Considered?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/have_you_considered/#have-you-considered-porting-mergerfs-to-windows-winfsp","level":2,"title":"Have you considered porting mergerfs to Windows (WinFsp)?","text":"

Similar to MacOS the demand is very low and mergerfs does not use the libfuse library so porting to WinFsp would first mean porting it to libfuse.

","path":["FAQ","\"Have You Considered?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/limit_drive_spinup/","level":1,"title":"Limiting drive spinup","text":"","path":["FAQ","Limiting drive spinup"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/limit_drive_spinup/#does-mergerfs-do-anything-to-prevent-drive-spinup","level":2,"title":"Does mergerfs do anything to prevent drive spinup?","text":"

No. In fact it makes it worse.

","path":["FAQ","Limiting drive spinup"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/limit_drive_spinup/#how-can-i-setup-my-system-to-limit-drive-spinup","level":2,"title":"How can I setup my system to limit drive spinup?","text":"

TL;DR: You really can't. Not through mergerfs alone. In fact using mergerfs makes any general attempt to limit spinup more complicated.

mergerfs is a proxy. Despite having some caching behaviors it is not designed to cache much more than metadata. It proxies calls between client software and underlying filesystems. If a client makes a request such as open, readdir, stat, etc. it must translate that into something that makes sense across multiple filesystems. For readdir that means running the same call against all branches and aggregating the output. For open that means finding the file to open and doing so. The only way to find the file to open is to scan across all branches and sort the results and pick one. There is some variability in how much searching is done due to policies but not much. There is no practical way to do otherwise. Especially given so many mergerfs users expect out-of-band changes to \"just work.\"

The best way to limit spinup of drives is to limit their usage at the client level. Meaning keeping software from interacting with the filesystem (and therefore the drive) all together.

","path":["FAQ","Limiting drive spinup"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/limit_drive_spinup/#what-if-you-assume-no-out-of-band-changes-and-cache-everything","level":3,"title":"What if you assume no out-of-band changes and cache everything?","text":"

This would require a significant rewrite of mergerfs. Everything is done on the fly right now and all those calls to underlying filesystems can cause a spinup. To work around that a database of some sort would have to be used to store ALL metadata about the underlying filesystems and on startup everything scanned and stored. From then on it would have to carefully update all the same data the filesystems do. It couldn't be kept in RAM because it would take up too much space so it'd have to be on a SSD or other storage device. If anything changed out of band it would break things in weird ways (and MANY users depend on out of band changes working.) It could rescan on occasion but that would require spinning up everything. Filesystem watches could be used but since mergerfs is just another piece of software interacting with the filesystem ALL mergerfs requests would be echoed back to it causing lots of overhead throwing away a super majority of events it triggered. And something as \"simple\" as keeping the current available free space on each filesystem is not as easy as one might think given reflinks, snapshots, and other block level dedup technologies distort the meaning of usage values.

Only if ALL metadata and all file locations were cached could mergerfs then do very targeted file operations so as not to trigger a scan across the pool. But that will break out of band interactions. It would require accepting possibly bad behavior by space based policies since space would be imprecisely computed. It would require long scans of the filesystems on startup and a separate location to store all this data.

","path":["FAQ","Limiting drive spinup"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/limit_drive_spinup/#what-if-you-only-query-already-active-drives","level":3,"title":"What if you only query already active drives?","text":"

Let's assume that is plausible (it isn't because some drives actually will spin up if you ask if they are spun down... yes... really) you would have to either cache all the metadata on the filesystem or treat it like the filesystem doesn't exist. The former has all the problems mentioned prior and the latter would break a lot of things. Suddenly whole filesystems worth of data would be missing because it spun down.

","path":["FAQ","Limiting drive spinup"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/limit_drive_spinup/#is-there-anything-that-can-be-done-where-mergerfs-is-involved","level":3,"title":"Is there anything that can be done where mergerfs is involved?","text":"

Yes, but whether it works for you depends on your tolerance for the complexity.

  1. Cleanly separate writing, storing, and consuming the data.
    1. Use a SSD or dedicated and limited pool of drives for downloads / torrents.
    2. When downloaded move the files to the primary storage pool.
    3. When setting up software like Plex, Jellyfin, etc. point to the underlying filesystems. Not mergerfs.
  2. Add a bunch of bcache, lvmcache, dm-cache, or similar block level cache to your setup. After a bit of use, assuming sufficient storage space, you can limit the likelihood of the underlying spinning disks from needing to be hit.
  3. Tweak your system's settings around caching:
    • mount all your filesystems with noatime to disable updating \"last accessed\" time on files.
    • mount all your filesystems with nodiratime to disable updating \"last accessed\" time on directories.
    • sudo sysctl -w vm.vfs_cache_pressure=10: Prioritizes keeping file metadata cached in RAM.
    • sudo sysctl -w vm.dirty_ratio=40: Allows up to 40% of system memory to be filled with unwritten \"dirty\" data before forcing a disk flush.
    • sudo sysctl -w vm.dirty_background_ratio=5: Sets a lower threshold (5%) for the kernel to start writing data in the background without blocking applications.
    • sudo sysctl -w vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs=6000: Increases the interval between kernel writeback checks to 60 seconds (default is usually 5).
    • sudo sysctl -w vm.dirty_expire_centisecs=12000: Allows data to stay \"dirty\" in RAM for up to 120 seconds before it must be written to disk.
    • To make sysctl values permanent add the above to /etc/sysctl.conf.
    • Note: for systems with limited RAM the above sysctl values could cause issues.
    • Note: if you increase the time for which data is stored in RAM before being flushed to disk there is also an increased risk that a sudden powerloss could lead to lost data.
  4. Enable all the appropriate caches in mergerfs:
    • https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/latest/config/cache/
    • cache.entry=86400: cache file existence for 24h.
    • cache.negative-entry=86400: cache file non-existence for 24h.
    • cache.attr=86400: cache file metadata for 24h.
    • cache.symlinks=true: enable symlink caching.
    • cache.readdir=true: enable directory listing caching.
","path":["FAQ","Limiting drive spinup"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/limit_drive_spinup/#references","level":3,"title":"References","text":"
  • Documentation for /proc/sys/vm/
  • How to Configure vm.swappiness and Other Virtual Memory Parameters on RHEL
","path":["FAQ","Limiting drive spinup"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/limit_drive_spinup/#tradeoffs","level":3,"title":"Tradeoffs","text":"

While it may be a trade off you are willing to live with there is decent evidence that spinning down drives puts material increased wear on them and can lead to their death earlier than otherwise. You may end up saving money on electricity but spending more on having to purchase new drives sooner.

","path":["FAQ","Limiting drive spinup"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/limit_drive_spinup/#alternatives","level":2,"title":"Alternatives","text":"

Project Comparisons lists a few projects that are similar to mergerfs but offer caching. Please note that these projects are very young and not general purpose like mergerfs. Their compliance to POSIX filesystem rules is probably low enough that certain behaviors may not work or worse lead to data corruption.

I'm not suggesting not to look at those projects but filesystem development is complicated even when it appears to be just a layer on top of another. Just be careful and do your research. That stands for anything touching your data... mergerfs included.

To the degree that mergerfs can add features which help in this situation, so long as it doesn't interfere with other fundamental features, they may be added over time.

","path":["FAQ","Limiting drive spinup"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/reliability_and_scalability/","level":1,"title":"Reliability and Scalability","text":"","path":["FAQ","Reliability and Scalability"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/reliability_and_scalability/#is-mergerfs-production-ready","level":2,"title":"Is mergerfs \"production ready?\"","text":"

Yes.

mergerfs has been around for over a decade and used by many users on their systems. Typically running 24/7 with constant load.

At least a few companies are believed to use mergerfs in production environments. A number of NAS focused operating systems includes mergerfs as a solution for pooling filesystems.

Most serious issues (crashes or data corruption) have been due to kernel bugs. All of which are fixed in stable releases.

","path":["FAQ","Reliability and Scalability"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/reliability_and_scalability/#how-well-does-mergerfs-scale","level":2,"title":"How well does mergerfs scale?","text":"

Users have reported running mergerfs on everything from OpenWRT routers and Raspberry Pi SBCs to multi-socket Xeon enterprise servers.

Users have pooled everything from USB thumb drives to enterprise NVME SSDs to remote filesystems and rclone mounts.

The cost of many calls can be O(n) meaning adding more branches to the pool will increase the cost of certain functions, such as reading directories or finding files to open, but there are a number of caches and strategies in place to limit overhead where possible.

","path":["FAQ","Reliability and Scalability"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/reliability_and_scalability/#are-there-any-limits","level":2,"title":"Are there any limits?","text":"

There is no maximum capacity beyond what is imposed by the operating system itself. Any limit is practical rather than technical. As explained in the question about scale mergerfs is mostly limited by the tolerated cost of aggregating branches and the cost associated with interacting with them. If you pool slow network filesystem then that will naturally impact performance more than low latency SSDs.

","path":["FAQ","Reliability and Scalability"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/","level":1,"title":"Technical Behavior and Limitations","text":"","path":["FAQ","Technical Behavior and Limitations"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/#do-hard-links-work","level":2,"title":"Do hard links work?","text":"

Yes. links (otherwise known as hard links) are fundamentally supported by mergerfs. There is no option to enable or disable links. All comments elsewhere claiming they do not work are related to the setup of the user's system.

See the Intro to Filesystems page for more details on what a link is.

A limitation of a link is that it must reference a file/inode within the same filesystem or device. When a request is made to the operating system to link (or rename) a file to a target location the OS will first check if the source and target are the same filesystem / device. If not it will return the error EXDEV meaning that the request is not able to be made due to the result being \"cross device\".

What catches many users off guard is that this \"cross device\" check is not very deep or involved. Even the same filesystem bind mounted to another location will typically be considered a different device. So when mergerfs is creating a union of other filesystems there is no way to link or rename from one of the underlying branches into mergerfs. They are different filesystems even if logically they seem related or the same. And similarly it is impossible for mergerfs to truly make a link between two branches which are not in fact the same mounted filesystem.

This is relevant to mergerfs users because bind mounts are very common when using container runtimes such as Docker, Podman, or Kubernetes. When you add a volume or mount to your container that is in fact a bind mount of that path. Meaning if you were to add /mnt/mergerfs/downloads and /mnt/mergerfs/movies as separate mounts into your container any request to link between the two locations within the container will fail with the EXDEV error even though it will work perfectly fine on the host. If you wish for link and rename to work you MUST mount into the container a point in the directory structure above what you wish to use. In this case /mnt/mergerfs.

Another situation where people will hit unexpected EXDEV errors is when they use a policy which makes file creation decisions based on existing paths. If the source of a link or rename is on branch A but the target directory is on branch B, given the whole point of the policy is to strictly enforce behavior based on what branches already exist, it must return EXDEV. Doing otherwise would fundamentally break the purpose of the policy. Read rename & link for more details on how mergerfs handles those two functions.

When in doubt it is trivial to test link:

$ cd /mnt/mergerfs/\n$ touch foo\n$ ln -v foo bar\n'bar' => 'foo'\n$ stat foo bar | grep Inode\nDevice: 0,173   Inode: 123456  Links: 2\nDevice: 0,173   Inode: 123456  Links: 2\n

For the more technical: within mergerfs the inode of a file is not necessarily indicative of two file names linking to the same underlying data. For more details as to why that is see the docs on inodecalc.

","path":["FAQ","Technical Behavior and Limitations"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/#are-there-any-size-limitations-to-files-directories-etc","level":2,"title":"Are there any size limitations to files, directories, etc.?","text":"

Whatever the limits are of the underlying filesystems.

","path":["FAQ","Technical Behavior and Limitations"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/#do-reflink-ficlone-or-ficlonerange-work","level":2,"title":"Do reflink, FICLONE, or FICLONERANGE work?","text":"

Unfortunately not. FUSE, the technology mergerfs is based on, does not support the clone_file_range feature needed for it to work. mergerfs won't even know such a request is made. The kernel will simply return an error back to the application making the request.

Should FUSE gain the ability mergerfs will be updated to support it.

That said: mergerfs itself will attempt to use FICLONE when copying data between files in the limited cases where it copies/moves files.

","path":["FAQ","Technical Behavior and Limitations"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/#how-does-mergerfs-handle-moving-and-copying-of-files","level":2,"title":"How does mergerfs handle moving and copying of files?","text":"

This is a very common mistaken assumption regarding how filesystems work. There is no such thing as \"move\" or \"copy.\" These concepts are high level behaviors made up of numerous independent steps and not individual filesystem functions.

A \"move\" can include a \"copy\" so lets describe copy first.

When an application copies a file from \"source\" to \"destination\" it can do so in a number of ways but the basics are the following.

  1. open the source file.
  2. create the destination file.
  3. read a chunk of data from source and write to destination. Continue till it runs out of data to copy.
  4. Copy file metadata (stat) such as ownership (chown), permissions (chmod), timestamps (utimes), extended attributes (getxattr, setxattr), etc.
  5. close source and destination files.

\"move\" is typically a rename(src,dst) and if that errors with EXDEV (meaning the source and destination are on different filesystems) the application will \"copy\" the file as described above and then it removes (unlink) the source.

The rename(src,dst), open(src), create(dst), data copying, metadata copying, unlink(src), etc. are entirely distinct and separate events. There is really no practical way to know that what is ultimately occurring is the \"copying\" of a file or what the source file would be. Since the source is not known there is no way to know how large a created file is destined to become. This is why it is impossible for mergerfs to choose the branch for a create based on file size. The only context provided when a file is created, besides the name, is the permissions, if it is to be read and/or written, and some low level settings for the operating system.

All of this means that mergerfs can not make decisions when a file is created based on file size or the source of the data. That information is simply not available. At best mergerfs could respond to files reaching a certain size when writing data, a file is closed, or renamed.

Related: if a user wished to have mergerfs perform certain activities based on the name of a file it is common and even best practice for a program to write to a temporary file first and then rename to its final destination. That temporary file name will typically be random and have no indication of the type of file being written. At best something could be done on rename.

Additional reading: Intro to Filesystems: Workflows

","path":["FAQ","Technical Behavior and Limitations"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/#why-does-the-total-available-space-in-mergerfs-not-equal-outside","level":2,"title":"Why does the total available space in mergerfs not equal outside?","text":"

Are you using ext2/3/4? With reserve for root? mergerfs uses available space for statfs calculations. If you've reserved space for root then it won't show up.

You can remove the reserve by running: tune2fs -m 0 <device>

","path":["FAQ","Technical Behavior and Limitations"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/#i-notice-massive-slowdowns-of-writes-when-enabling-cachefiles","level":2,"title":"I notice massive slowdowns of writes when enabling cache.files.","text":"

When file caching is enabled in any form (cache.files!=off) it may issue getxattr requests for security.capability prior to every single write. This will usually result in performance degradation, especially when using a network filesystem (such as NFS or SMB.) Unfortunately at this moment, the kernel is not caching the response.

To work around this situation mergerfs offers a few solutions.

  1. Set security_capability=false. It will short circuit any call and return ENOATTR. This still means though that mergerfs will receive the request before every write but at least it doesn't get passed through to the underlying filesystem.
  2. Set xattr=noattr. Same as above but applies to all calls to getxattr. Not just security.capability. This will not be cached by the kernel either but mergerfs' runtime config system will still function.
  3. Set xattr=nosys. Results in mergerfs returning ENOSYS which will be cached by the kernel. No future xattr calls will be forwarded to mergerfs. The downside is that also means the xattr based config and query functionality won't work either.
  4. Disable file caching. If you aren't using applications which use mmap it's probably simpler to just disable it altogether. The kernel won't send the requests when caching is disabled.
","path":["FAQ","Technical Behavior and Limitations"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/#why-use-fuse-why-not-a-kernel-based-solution","level":2,"title":"Why use FUSE? Why not a kernel based solution?","text":"

As with any solution to a problem, there are advantages and disadvantages to each one.

A FUSE based solution has all the downsides of FUSE:

  • Higher IO latency due to the trips in and out of kernel space (though now minimized with passthrough IO)
  • Higher general overhead due to trips in and out of kernel space
  • Double caching when using page caching
  • Misc limitations due to FUSE's design

But FUSE also has a lot of upsides:

  • Easier to offer a cross platform solution
  • Easier forward and backward compatibility
  • Easier updates for users
  • Easier and faster release cadence
  • Allows more flexibility in design and features
  • Overall easier to write, secure, and maintain
  • Much lower barrier to entry (getting code into the kernel takes a lot of time and effort initially)
","path":["FAQ","Technical Behavior and Limitations"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/#is-my-oss-libfuse-needed-for-mergerfs-to-work","level":2,"title":"Is my OS's libfuse needed for mergerfs to work?","text":"

No. Normally mount.fuse is needed to get mergerfs (or any FUSE filesystem to mount using the mount command but in vendoring the libfuse library the mount.fuse app has been renamed to mount.mergerfs meaning the filesystem type in fstab can simply be mergerfs. That said there should be no harm in having it installed and continuing to using fuse.mergerfs as the type in /etc/fstab.

If mergerfs doesn't work as a type it could be due to how the mount.mergerfs tool was installed. Must be in /sbin/ with proper permissions.

","path":["FAQ","Technical Behavior and Limitations"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/#why-was-splice-support-removed","level":2,"title":"Why was splice support removed?","text":"

After a lot of testing over the years, splicing always appeared to at best, provide equivalent performance, and in some cases, worse performance. Splice is not supported on other platforms forcing a traditional read/write fallback to be provided. The splice code was removed to simplify the codebase.

","path":["FAQ","Technical Behavior and Limitations"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/#how-does-mergerfs-handle-credentials","level":2,"title":"How does mergerfs handle credentials?","text":"

mergerfs is a multithreaded application in order to handle requests from the kernel concurrently. Each FUSE message has a header with certain details about the request including the process ID (pid) of the requesting application, the process' effective user id (uid), and group id (gid).

FUSE and the kernel have two ways of managing permissions. A kernel side default_permissions option and leaving it to the FUSE server. When default permissions is enabled the kernel will do the entitlement checks and only allow requests through which should be allowed according to normal POSIX permissions. When not enabled it is the responsibility of the FUSE server, in this case mergerfs, to do whatever is necessary to manage entitlements.

Prior to mergerfs v2.42.0 it would enable default_permissions but also leveraged the uid and gid available in each FUSE request. The thread actioning the request would change its credentials to match those of the requesting application to ensure permissions were properly handled as well as dealing with some quirks of non-POSIX compatible filesystems. However, this strategy had two major issues. First, it was not compatible with the new allow-idmap feature of FUSE which allows a filesystem to advertise it can be used with id mapping which is often used with containers. Secondly, it caused permission issues when the kernel would say something was allowed but due to the way mergerfs was changing creds would fail. This mostly came in the form of chrooted setups like used in containers. Neither of these tended to impact casual users but did break some niche or power user use cases. Since the casual user won't notice the subtle changes and it would enable new use cases it was decided that the credential handling would change.

As of v2.42.0 mergerfs now runs as root more generally. Either changing credentials when creating files (Linux) or chown'ing them after creation (FreeBSD).

As a result of this change it is now necessary for the FUSE default_permissions feature be used for proper entitlements management. mergerfs does allow it to be disabled but it should only be done so for debugging purposes.

","path":["FAQ","Technical Behavior and Limitations"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/#does-mergerfs-support-idmap","level":2,"title":"Does mergerfs support idmap?","text":"

Yes, by setting allow-idmap=true (which is the default.)

Requires that kernel-permissions-check be enabled (the default.)

","path":["FAQ","Technical Behavior and Limitations"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/#what-happens-if-a-branch-filesystem-blocks","level":2,"title":"What happens if a branch filesystem blocks?","text":"

POSIX filesystem calls unfortunately are entirely synchronous. If the underlying filesystem mergerfs is interacting with freezes up or blocks then the thread issuing the request will block same as any other piece of software. If enough threads block then mergerfs will block. There are no timeouts or ways to truly work around this situation. If mergerfs spawned new threads it is very likely they too would end up blocked.

","path":["FAQ","Technical Behavior and Limitations"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/#what-information-does-mergerfs-have-when-making-decisions","level":2,"title":"What information does mergerfs have when making decisions?","text":"

Every incoming request contains:

  • The tid or pid of the calling thread/process
  • The uid and gid of the calling thread/process
  • The umask of the calling thread/process
  • The arguments of the filesystem call in question

Naturally the mergerfs config as well as anything queriable from the operating system or filesystems are also available.

","path":["FAQ","Technical Behavior and Limitations"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/#why-does-running-mount-a-result-in-new-instances-of-mergerfs","level":2,"title":"Why does running mount -a result in new instances of mergerfs?","text":"

See lazy-umount-mountpoint

","path":["FAQ","Technical Behavior and Limitations"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/usage_and_functionality/","level":1,"title":"Usage and Functionality","text":"","path":["FAQ","Usage and Functionality"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/usage_and_functionality/#what-should-mergerfs-not-be-used-for","level":2,"title":"What should mergerfs NOT be used for?","text":"
  • Situations where you need large amounts of contiguous space beyond that available on any singular device. Such as putting 10GiB a file on 2 6GiB filesystems.
  • databases: Even if the database stored data in separate files (mergerfs wouldn't offer much otherwise) the higher latency of the indirection will harm performance. Though if it is a sqlite3 database then its likely fine.
  • VM images: For the same reasons as databases. VM images are accessed very aggressively and mergerfs will introduce a lot of extra latency.
  • As replacement for RAID: mergerfs is just for pooling branches. If you need device performance aggregation or high availability you should stick with RAID. However, it is fine to put a filesystem which is on a RAID setup in mergerfs.

However, if using passthrough the performance related issues above are less likely to be a concern. Best to do testing for your specific use case.

","path":["FAQ","Usage and Functionality"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/usage_and_functionality/#what-happens-when-file-paths-overlap","level":2,"title":"What happens when file paths overlap?","text":"

It depends on the situation and the configuration of mergerfs. The user chooses the algorithm (policy) on how to behave when a particular filesystem function is requested. Which file to select or act on.

See how policies work.

","path":["FAQ","Usage and Functionality"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/usage_and_functionality/#is-adding-or-removing-mergerfs-tofrom-my-setup-destructive","level":2,"title":"Is adding or removing mergerfs to/from my setup destructive?","text":"

No. See below.

","path":["FAQ","Usage and Functionality"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/usage_and_functionality/#can-mergerfs-be-used-with-filesystems-which-already-have-data","level":2,"title":"Can mergerfs be used with filesystems which already have data?","text":"

Yes. mergerfs is really just a proxy and does NOT interfere with the normal form or function of the filesystems, mounts, or paths it manages. It literally is interacting with your filesystems as any other application does. It can not do anything that any other random piece of software can't do. There is no migration needed.

mergerfs is not a traditional filesystem that takes control over the underlying drive, block device, or partition. mergerfs is not RAID. It does not manipulate the data that passes through it. It does not shard data across filesystems. It only shards some behavior and aggregates others.

Think of it as a filesystem reverse proxy.

","path":["FAQ","Usage and Functionality"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/usage_and_functionality/#can-mergerfs-be-removed-without-affecting-the-data","level":2,"title":"Can mergerfs be removed without affecting the data?","text":"

Yes. See the previous question's answer.

","path":["FAQ","Usage and Functionality"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/usage_and_functionality/#can-filesystems-be-removed-from-the-pool-without-affecting-them","level":2,"title":"Can filesystems be removed from the pool without affecting them?","text":"

Yes. See previous question's answer.

This is true for planned removal by unmounting mergerfs and changing the config, changes made to mergerfs at runtime, umounting of the branch's filesystem on the fly (whether on purpose or due to error), etc.

","path":["FAQ","Usage and Functionality"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/usage_and_functionality/#what-happens-if-a-filesystem-disappears-at-runtime","level":2,"title":"What happens if a filesystem disappears at runtime?","text":"

By \"disappear\" meaning explicitly unmounted or due to an error the OS removes it.

Nothing explicitly happens. mergerfs works on paths, not mounts. If the branch path still exists mergerfs will treat it the same as it did before. It just may not have any data there. If the branch no longer exists it will be ignored. If the OS returns errors then mergerfs will return those errors where appropriate. See Error Handling and Logging.

","path":["FAQ","Usage and Functionality"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/usage_and_functionality/#can-filesystems-be-moved-to-another-pool","level":2,"title":"Can filesystems be moved to another pool?","text":"

Yes.

","path":["FAQ","Usage and Functionality"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/usage_and_functionality/#can-filesystems-be-part-of-multiple-pools","level":2,"title":"Can filesystems be part of multiple pools?","text":"

Yes.

","path":["FAQ","Usage and Functionality"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/usage_and_functionality/#how-do-i-migrate-data-into-or-out-of-the-pool-when-addingremoving-filesystems","level":2,"title":"How do I migrate data into or out of the pool when adding/removing filesystems?","text":"

There is no need to do so. mergerfs is a union filesystem. It works on top of existing filesystems. It does not replace them. See the previous questions and answers.

","path":["FAQ","Usage and Functionality"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/usage_and_functionality/#how-do-i-remove-a-filesystem-but-keep-the-data-in-the-pool","level":2,"title":"How do I remove a filesystem but keep the data in the pool?","text":"

Nothing special needs to be done. Remove the branch from mergerfs' config and copy (rsync) the data from the removed filesystem into the pool. The same as if it were you transferring data from one filesystem to another.

If you wish to continue using the pool with all data available while performing the transfer simply create a temporary pool without the branch in question and then copy the data from the branch to the temporary pool. It would probably be a good idea to set the branch mode to RO prior to doing this to ensure no new content is written to the filesystem while performing the copy. However, it is typically good practice to run rsync or rclone again after the first copy finishes to ensure nothing is left behind.

NOTE: Above recommends to \"copy\" rather than \"move\" because you want to ensure that your data is transferred before wiping the drive or filesystem.

","path":["FAQ","Usage and Functionality"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/usage_and_functionality/#can-filesystems-still-be-used-directly-outside-of-mergerfs-while-pooled","level":2,"title":"Can filesystems still be used directly? Outside of mergerfs while pooled?","text":"

Yes, out-of-band interaction is generally fine. Remember that mergerfs is a userland application so any interaction with the underlying filesystem is the same as multiple normal applications interacting. However, it is not recommended to write to the same file from within the pool and from without at the same time. Especially if using page caching (cache.files!=off) or writeback caching (cache.writeback=true). That said this risk is really not different from the risk of two applications writing to the same file under normal conditions.

Keep in mind that if out-of-band changes are made while also leveraging any caching of the filesystem layout such as with cache.entry, cache.negative-entry, cache.attr, cache.symlinks, or cache.readdir you may experience temporary inconsistency till the cache expires. mergerfs is not actively watching all branches for changes and the kernel will have no way to know anything changed so as to clear or ignore the cache. This is the same issue you can have with remote filesystems.

","path":["FAQ","Usage and Functionality"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/usage_and_functionality/#what-are-the-performance-characteristics-of-using-mergerfs","level":2,"title":"What are the performance characteristics of using mergerfs?","text":"

mergerfs does not stripe or shard data. Instead it acts like a reverse proxy / multiplexer. As such it is not possible to have RAID like performance improvements. However, its performance is not limited like block level concatenation / JBOD / SPAN.

  • Single file / single stream: Max throughput limited to speed of the chosen underlying branch + FUSE overhead (usually 5–30% slower than direct access; near native with IO passthrough).
  • Aggregate / multi-stream: Can approach sum of all branches' speeds when many independent IO operations run in parallel (multiple files, processes, or clients).
  • Other factors: Latency-sensitive workloads suffer more (slow branches or network drives hurt responsiveness); directory listing and metadata ops slower due to combining branches.

Real-world performance varies heavily with workload, kernel, options, and hardware. See benchmarking and performance section for testing tips.

","path":["FAQ","Usage and Functionality"],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/why_isnt_it_working/","level":1,"title":"\"Why isn't it working?\"","text":"","path":["FAQ","\"Why isn't it working?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/why_isnt_it_working/#i-modified-mergerfs-config-but-it-still-behaves-the-same","level":2,"title":"I modified mergerfs' config but it still behaves the same.","text":"

mergerfs, like other filesystems, are given their options/arguments at mount time. You can not simply modify the source of the configuration and have those settings applied any more than you would for other filesystems. It is the user's responsibility to restart mergerfs to pick up the changes or use the runtime interface.

NOTE: the runtime interface is just for runtime changes. It does NOT save those changed values anywhere.

","path":["FAQ","\"Why isn't it working?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/why_isnt_it_working/#why-are-all-my-files-ending-up-on-1-filesystem","level":2,"title":"Why are all my files ending up on 1 filesystem?!","text":"

Did you start with empty filesystems? Are you using an existing path policy such as epmfs?

If starting with a set of empty filesystems such a policy will select only 1 filesystem when the first directory is created. Anything created in that directory will be placed on the same branch because that is the point of such a policy. That is the expected behavior.

This may catch users off guard but the point of those existing path policies is to preserve the directory layout and you need to consider what that means one event at a time.

To \"fix\" this situation change the policy. Most users have little reason to use such a policy. See the quick start guide and FAQ for policy recommendations.

","path":["FAQ","\"Why isn't it working?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/why_isnt_it_working/#why-do-i-get-an-out-of-space-no-space-left-on-device-enospc-error-even-though-there-appears-to-be-lots-of-space-available","level":2,"title":"Why do I get an \"out of space\" / \"no space left on device\" / ENOSPC error even though there appears to be lots of space available?","text":"

One or multiple of the below are likely causing branches to be filtered out.

  • minfreespace could be filtering out branches
  • using an ep* policy and there may not be an available branch
  • branch modes set to NC or RO branches will be excluded from consideration
  • if using ext4 ensure you are not running into reserve limits (use tune2fs -m 0 to remove the reserve)
  • it is possible that the filesystem selected by the policy has run out of inodes (check with df -i)

mergerfs is presenting a union of the content within multiple branches. The reported free space is an aggregate of space available within the pool (behavior modified by statfs and statfs_ignore). It does not represent a contiguous space. In the same way that read-only filesystems, those with quotas, or reserved space report the full theoretical space available but not the practical usable space.

","path":["FAQ","\"Why isn't it working?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/why_isnt_it_working/#why-isnt-the-create-policy-working","level":2,"title":"Why isn't the create policy working?","text":"

It probably is. The policies rather straight forward and well tested.

First, confirm the policy is configured as expected by using the runtime interface.

$ sudo getfattr -n user.mergerfs.category.create /mnt/mergerfs/.mergerfs\n# file: mnt/mergerfs/.mergerfs\nuser.mergerfs.category.create=\"mfs\"\n

Second, as discussed in the support section, test the behavior using simple command line tools such as touch and then see where it was created.

$ sudo touch /mnt/mergerfs/new-file\n$ sudo getfattr -n user.mergerfs.allpaths /mnt/mergerfs/new-file\n# file: mnt/mergerfs/new-file\nuser.mergerfs.allpaths=\"/mnt/hdd/drive1/new-file\"\n

If the location of the file is where it should be according to the state of the system at the time and the policy selected then the \"problem\" lies elsewhere.

Keep in mind that files, when created, have no size. If a number of files are created at the same time, for example by a program downloading numerous files like a BitTorrent client, then depending on the policy the files could be created on the same branch. As the files are written to, or resized immediately afterwards to the total size of the file being downloaded, the files will take up more space but there is no mechanism to move them as they grow. Nor would it be a good idea to do so as it would be expensive to continuously calculate their size and perform the move while the file is still being written to. As such an imbalance will occur that wouldn't if the files had been created and resized one at a time.

If you wish to reduce the likelihood of this happening a policy that does not make decisions on available space alone such as pfrd or rand should be used.

","path":["FAQ","\"Why isn't it working?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/why_isnt_it_working/#why-cant-i-see-my-files-directories","level":2,"title":"Why can't I see my files / directories?","text":"

It's almost always a permissions issue. Unlike mhddfs and unionfs-fuse, which accesses content as root, mergerfs always changes its credentials to that of the caller. This is done as it is the only properly secure way to manage permissions. This means that if the user does not have access to a file or directory than neither will mergerfs. However, because mergerfs is creating a union of paths it may be able to read some files and directories on one filesystem but not another resulting in an incomplete set. And if one of the branches it can access is empty then it will return an empty list.

Try using mergerfs.fsck tool to check for and fix inconsistencies in permissions. If you aren't seeing anything at all be sure that the basic permissions are correct. The user and group values are correct and that directories have their executable bit set. A common mistake by users new to Linux is to chmod -R 644 when they should have chmod -R u=rwX,go=rX.

If using a network filesystem such as NFS or SMB (Samba) be sure to pay close attention to anything regarding permissioning and users. Root squashing and user translation for instance has bitten a few mergerfs users. Some of these also affect the use of mergerfs from container platforms such as Docker.

","path":["FAQ","\"Why isn't it working?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/why_isnt_it_working/#why-are-file-moves-renames-linkshard-links-failing","level":2,"title":"Why are file moves, renames, links/hard links failing?","text":"

mergerfs fully supports rename and link functions to the degree that is possible in a union filesystem. Problems related to rename and link are almost exclusively due to incorrect setup of software or poorly written software.

","path":["FAQ","\"Why isn't it working?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/why_isnt_it_working/#docker-podman-and-other-container-runtimes","level":3,"title":"Docker, Podman, and other container runtimes","text":"

Keep in mind that rename and link will NOT work across devices. That includes between the original filesystem and a mergerfs pool, between two separate pools of the same underlying filesystems, or bind mounts of paths within the mergerfs pool. The latter is common when using Docker, Podman, or other container runtimes. Multiple volumes (bind mounts) to the same underlying filesystem are considered different devices. There is no way to link or rename between them despite them binding to the same underlying filesystem. Neither mergerfs or any other filesystem has a say in this behavior as the kernel is erroring out before the request even gets to the filesystems in question.

To work around this situation the highest directory in the mergerfs pool that includes all the paths you need is what should be bind'ed into the container if you want links and rename to work between the paths in question.

This is a common problem for users of Radarr, Sonarr, Lidarr, etc. when they use the default volume mount options suggested by projects like LinuxServer.io. Do not use separate \"movies\" and \"downloads\" volumes.

# NO\nvolumes:\n  - /mnt/pool/movies:/movies\n  - /mnt/pool/downloads:/downloads\n\n# YES\nvolumes:\n  - /mnt/pool:/media\n# Then use /media/movies and /media/downloads in your software.\n
","path":["FAQ","\"Why isn't it working?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/why_isnt_it_working/#path-preserving-create-policies","level":3,"title":"Path-Preserving Create Policies","text":"

As described in the rename and link docs if a path-preserving create policy is configured then mergerfs, in order to follow that restrictive policy, must return an error (EXDEV) if the target path of a rename or link is not found on the target branch.

EXDEV  oldpath and newpath are not on the same mounted filesystem.\n       (Linux permits a filesystem to be mounted at multiple\n       points, but rename() does not work across different mount\n       points, even if the same filesystem is mounted on both.)\n

Most users do not have a need for path-preserving policies but if you intend on using path-preserving policies you must accept that EXDEV errors are more likely to occur. You could enable ignorepponrename however doing so would contradict the intention of using a path restrictive policy.

","path":["FAQ","\"Why isn't it working?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/why_isnt_it_working/#poorly-written-software","level":3,"title":"Poorly written software","text":"

There are some pieces of software that do not properly handle EXDEV errors which rename and link may return even though they are perfectly valid situations and do not indicate actual device, filesystem, or OS problems. The error will rarely be returned by mergerfs if using a non-path preserving policy however there are edge cases where it may (such as mounting another filesystem into the mergerfs pool.) If you do not care about path preservation set the mergerfs policy to the non-path preserving variant. For example: -o category.create=pfrd. Ideally the offending software would be fixed and it is recommended that if you run into this problem you contact the software's author and request proper handling of EXDEV errors.

","path":["FAQ","\"Why isn't it working?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/why_isnt_it_working/#additional-reading","level":3,"title":"Additional Reading","text":"
  • rename and link
  • Do hard links work?
  • How does mergerfs handle moving and copying of files?
  • Moving files and directories fails with Samba
","path":["FAQ","\"Why isn't it working?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/why_isnt_it_working/#why-is-software-needing-mmap-failing","level":2,"title":"Why is software needing mmap failing?","text":"

See Known Issues and Bugs#3rd Party Software and QuickStart.

","path":["FAQ","\"Why isn't it working?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/why_isnt_it_working/#why-dont-quick-scans-fail-to-pick-up-new-media","level":2,"title":"Why don't quick scans fail to pick up new media?","text":"

Media consumption software like Plex, Jellyfin, Emby, Airsonic, Navidrome, etc. will use timestamps of directories to see if it should be scanned. Be sure to set func.getattr=newest to catch that.

A full scan would still pick up all media and for those concerned about device activity it is recommened to disable quick scans and leave periodic full scans so the activity is managed. Or to configure your software which manages downloads (such as *Arr family of software) to trigger specific scans when files are added to the pool.

Additional reading:

  • Does inotify and fanotify work?
","path":["FAQ","\"Why isn't it working?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"faq/why_isnt_it_working/#why-dont-i-see-mergerfs-options-in-mount-command-or-procmounts","level":2,"title":"Why don't I see mergerfs options in mount command or /proc/mounts?","text":"

FUSE filesystems, such as mergerfs, are interpreting most of the possible options rather than being given to the kernel where those options in the mount command and /proc/mounts come from.

If you want to see the options of a running instance of mergerfs you can use the runtime interface.

","path":["FAQ","\"Why isn't it working?\""],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/build/","level":1,"title":"Build","text":"

NOTE: Prebuilt packages can be found at and recommended for most users: https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases

NOTE: Only tagged releases are supported. master and other branches should be considered works in progress.

First, get the code from github.

$ git clone https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs.git\n$ # or\n$ wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs-<ver>.tar.gz\n
","path":["Installation","Build"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/build/#debian-ubuntu","level":2,"title":"Debian / Ubuntu","text":"
$ cd mergerfs\n$ sudo buildtools/install-build-pkgs\n$ make deb\n$ sudo dpkg -i ../mergerfs_<version>_<arch>.deb\n
","path":["Installation","Build"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/build/#rhel-centos-rocky-fedora","level":2,"title":"RHEL / CentOS / Rocky / Fedora","text":"
$ su -\n# cd mergerfs\n# buildtools/install-build-pkgs\n# make rpm\n# rpm -i rpmbuild/RPMS/<arch>/mergerfs-<version>.<arch>.rpm\n
","path":["Installation","Build"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/build/#generic-linux","level":2,"title":"Generic Linux","text":"

Have git, g++ or clang, make, python installed.

$ cd mergerfs\n$ make\n$ sudo make install\n
","path":["Installation","Build"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/build/#freebsd","level":2,"title":"FreeBSD","text":"

Have git, g++ or clang, gmake, python installed.

$ cd mergerfs\n$ gmake\n$ gmake install # as root\n
","path":["Installation","Build"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/build/#build-options","level":2,"title":"Build options","text":"
$ make help\nusage: make\n\nmake USE_XATTR=0      - build program without xattrs functionality\nmake STATIC=1         - build static binary\nmake LTO=1            - build with link time optimization\n
","path":["Installation","Build"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/","level":1,"title":"Installation","text":"

If you are using a non-rolling release Linux distro such as Debian or Ubuntu then you are almost certainly going to have an old version of mergerfs installed if you use the \"official\" package. For that reason we provide packages for major stable released distros.

Before reporting issues or bugs please be sure to upgrade to the latest release to confirm they still exist.

All provided packages can be found at https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases

","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#archlinux","level":2,"title":"ArchLinux","text":"
  1. Setup AUR
  2. pacman -S mergerfs
","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#centos-rocky","level":2,"title":"CentOS / Rocky","text":"

Get the RPM from the releases page.

wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs-<ver>.el<rel>.<arch>.rpm\nsudo rpm -i mergerfs-<ver>.el<rel>.<arch>.rpm\n
","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#debian-based-os","level":2,"title":"Debian based OS","text":"

Debian/Ubuntu/Raspberry Pi

Most Debian based OS installs are of a stable branch and therefore do not have the most up to date software. While mergerfs is available via apt it is suggested that users install the most recent version available from the releases page.

","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#prebuilt-deb","level":3,"title":"prebuilt deb","text":"","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#debian","level":4,"title":"Debian","text":"
wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs_<ver>.debian-<rel>_<arch>.deb\nsudo dpkg -i mergerfs_<ver>.debian-<rel>_<arch>.deb\n
","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#ubuntu","level":4,"title":"Ubuntu","text":"

Given non-LTS releases are rarely used for servers and only have 9 months of support we do not build packages for them by default. It is recommended that you first try the deb file for the LTS release most closely related to your non-LTS release. If that does not work you can use the static build or file a ticket requesting a package built.

wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<version>/mergerfs_<ver>.ubuntu-<rel>_<arch>.deb\nsudo dpkg -i mergerfs_<ver>.ubuntu-<rel>_<arch>.deb\n
","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#apt","level":3,"title":"apt","text":"
sudo apt install -y mergerfs\n
","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#fedora","level":2,"title":"Fedora","text":"

Get the RPM from the releases page.

wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs-<ver>.fc<rel>.<arch>.rpm\nsudo rpm -i mergerfs-<ver>.fc<rel>.<arch>.rpm\n
","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#suseopensuse","level":2,"title":"SUSE/OpenSUSE","text":"

Available at filesystems repo

if you have not added the repo (e.g. in case of OpenSUSE Tumbleweed, rel=openSUSE_Tumbleweed): 

zypper addrepo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/filesystems/<rel>/filesystems.repo\nzypper refresh\nzypper install mergerfs\n
","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#freebsd","level":2,"title":"FreeBSD","text":"

https://www.freshports.org/filesystems/mergerfs

pkg install filesystems/mergerfs\n
","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#nixos","level":2,"title":"NixOS","text":"

search.nixos.org

nix-env -iA nixos.mergerfs\n
","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#other-linux-distros","level":2,"title":"Other Linux Distros","text":"

Check your distro.

","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#static-linux-binaries","level":2,"title":"Static Linux Binaries","text":"

If your distro does not package mergerfs there are static binaries provided.

Get the tarball from the releases page.

wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs-static-linux_<arch>.tar.gz\nsudo tar xvf mergerfs-static-linux_<arch>.tar.gz -C /\n
","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#podman-docker-oci-containers","level":2,"title":"Podman, Docker, OCI Containers","text":"

https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/pkgs/container/mergerfs

podman pull ghcr.io/trapexit/mergerfs:TAG\n# or\ndocker pull ghcr.io/trapexit/mergerfs:TAG\n
","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#rootful-container-runtimes","level":3,"title":"rootful container runtimes","text":"
docker run --device=/dev/fuse --cap-add=SYS_ADMIN -v /mnt/to-merge:/mnt/to-merge:rshared -v /mnt/mergerfs:/mnt/mergerfs:z,shared ghcr.io/trapexit/mergerfs:TAG -f '/mnt/to-merge/*' '/mnt/mergerfs'\n
  • --device=/dev/fuse: Pass in host FUSE device.
  • --cap-add=SYS_ADMIN: Give proper permissions to mount.
  • -v /mnt/mergerfs:/mnt/mergerfs:z,shared: z and shared will allow the mount to be shared between the container and host and therefore other containers.
  • -v /mnt/to-merge:/mnt/to-merge:rshared: The mounts from the host to merge within the container.
","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/installation/#rootless-container-runtimes","level":3,"title":"rootless container runtimes","text":"

Not possible? :shared is not rejected but won't work the same with rootless. Podman doesn't allow the creation of pods with shared mount namespace in rootless mode.

","path":["Installation"],"tags":[]},{"location":"setup/upgrade/","level":1,"title":"Upgrade","text":"

mergerfs can be upgraded live by mounting on top of the previous instance. Simply install the new version of mergerfs and follow the instructions below.

Run mergerfs again or if using /etc/fstab (or systemd mount file) call for it to mount again. Existing open files and directories will continue to work fine though they won't see any differences that the new version would provide since it is still using the previous instance. If you plan on changing settings with the new mount you should / could apply those before mounting the new version.

$ sudo mount /mnt/mergerfs\n$ mount | grep mergerfs\nmedia on /mnt/mergerfs type mergerfs (rw,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other)\nmedia on /mnt/mergerfs type mergerfs (rw,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other)\n

A problem with this approach is that the underlying instance will continue to run even if the software using it stop or are restarted. To work around this you can use a \"lazy umount\". Before mounting over top the mount point with the new instance of mergerfs issue: umount -l <mergerfs_mountpoint>. Or you can let mergerfs do it by setting the option lazy-umount-mountpoint=true.

If the intent is to change settings at runtime then the runtime interface should be used.

","path":["Installation","Upgrade"],"tags":[]}]} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/setup/build/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/setup/build/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6ee29490 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/setup/build/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2495 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Build - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Build

+

NOTE: Prebuilt packages can be found at and recommended for most +users: https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases

+

NOTE: Only tagged releases are supported. master and other +branches should be considered works in progress.

+

First, get the code from github.

+
$ git clone https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs.git
+$ # or
+$ wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs-<ver>.tar.gz
+
+

Debian / Ubuntu

+
$ cd mergerfs
+$ sudo buildtools/install-build-pkgs
+$ make deb
+$ sudo dpkg -i ../mergerfs_<version>_<arch>.deb
+
+

RHEL / CentOS / Rocky / Fedora

+
$ su -
+# cd mergerfs
+# buildtools/install-build-pkgs
+# make rpm
+# rpm -i rpmbuild/RPMS/<arch>/mergerfs-<version>.<arch>.rpm
+
+

Generic Linux

+

Have git, g++ or clang, make, python installed.

+
$ cd mergerfs
+$ make
+$ sudo make install
+
+

FreeBSD

+

Have git, g++ or clang, gmake, python installed.

+
$ cd mergerfs
+$ gmake
+$ gmake install # as root
+
+

Build options

+
$ make help
+usage: make
+
+make USE_XATTR=0      - build program without xattrs functionality
+make STATIC=1         - build static binary
+make LTO=1            - build with link time optimization
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + +
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+
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/setup/installation/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/setup/installation/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c550c300 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/setup/installation/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2825 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Installation - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Installation

+

If you are using a non-rolling release Linux distro such as Debian or +Ubuntu then you are almost certainly going to have an old version of +mergerfs installed if you use the "official" package. For that reason +we provide packages for major stable released distros.

+

Before reporting issues or bugs please be sure to upgrade to the +latest release to confirm they still exist.

+

All provided packages can be found at https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases

+

ArchLinux

+
    +
  1. Setup AUR
    2. +
  2. pacman -S mergerfs
    3. +
+

CentOS / Rocky

+

Get the RPM from the releases page.

+
wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs-<ver>.el<rel>.<arch>.rpm
+sudo rpm -i mergerfs-<ver>.el<rel>.<arch>.rpm
+
+

Debian based OS

+

Debian/Ubuntu/Raspberry Pi

+

Most Debian based OS installs are of a stable branch and therefore do not have +the most up to date software. While mergerfs is available via apt it +is suggested that users install the most recent version available from +the releases page.

+

prebuilt deb

+

Debian

+
wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs_<ver>.debian-<rel>_<arch>.deb
+sudo dpkg -i mergerfs_<ver>.debian-<rel>_<arch>.deb
+
+

Ubuntu

+

Given non-LTS releases are rarely used for servers and only have 9 +months of support we do not +build packages for them by default. It is recommended that you first +try the deb file for the LTS release most closely related to your +non-LTS release. If that does not work you can use the static +build or file a +ticket requesting a +package built.

+
wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<version>/mergerfs_<ver>.ubuntu-<rel>_<arch>.deb
+sudo dpkg -i mergerfs_<ver>.ubuntu-<rel>_<arch>.deb
+
+

apt

+
sudo apt install -y mergerfs
+
+

Fedora

+

Get the RPM from the releases page.

+
wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs-<ver>.fc<rel>.<arch>.rpm
+sudo rpm -i mergerfs-<ver>.fc<rel>.<arch>.rpm
+
+

SUSE/OpenSUSE

+

Available at filesystems repo

+

if you have not added the repo (e.g. in case of OpenSUSE Tumbleweed, rel=openSUSE_Tumbleweed):

+
zypper addrepo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/filesystems/<rel>/filesystems.repo
+zypper refresh
+zypper install mergerfs
+
+

FreeBSD

+

https://www.freshports.org/filesystems/mergerfs

+
pkg install filesystems/mergerfs
+
+

NixOS

+

search.nixos.org

+
nix-env -iA nixos.mergerfs
+
+

Other Linux Distros

+

Check your distro.

+

Static Linux Binaries

+

If your distro does not package mergerfs there are static binaries +provided.

+

Get the tarball from the releases page.

+
wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs-static-linux_<arch>.tar.gz
+sudo tar xvf mergerfs-static-linux_<arch>.tar.gz -C /
+
+

Podman, Docker, OCI Containers

+

https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/pkgs/container/mergerfs

+
podman pull ghcr.io/trapexit/mergerfs:TAG
+# or
+docker pull ghcr.io/trapexit/mergerfs:TAG
+
+

rootful container runtimes

+
docker run --device=/dev/fuse --cap-add=SYS_ADMIN -v /mnt/to-merge:/mnt/to-merge:rshared -v /mnt/mergerfs:/mnt/mergerfs:z,shared ghcr.io/trapexit/mergerfs:TAG -f '/mnt/to-merge/*' '/mnt/mergerfs'
+
+
    +
  • --device=/dev/fuse: Pass in host FUSE device.
    • +
  • --cap-add=SYS_ADMIN: Give proper permissions to mount.
    • +
  • -v /mnt/mergerfs:/mnt/mergerfs:z,shared: z and shared will + allow the mount to be shared between the container and host and + therefore other containers.
    • +
  • -v /mnt/to-merge:/mnt/to-merge:rshared: The mounts from the host + to merge within the container.
    • +
+

rootless container runtimes

+

Not possible? :shared is not rejected but won't work the same with +rootless. Podman doesn't allow the creation of pods with shared mount +namespace in rootless mode.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/setup/upgrade/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/setup/upgrade/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b94e2147 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/setup/upgrade/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2314 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Upgrade - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Upgrade

+

mergerfs can be upgraded live by mounting on top of the previous +instance. Simply install the new version of mergerfs and follow the +instructions below.

+

Run mergerfs again or if using /etc/fstab (or systemd mount file) +call for it to mount again. Existing open files and directories will +continue to work fine though they won't see any differences that the +new version would provide since it is still using the previous +instance. If you plan on changing settings with the new mount you +should / could apply those before mounting the new version.

+
$ sudo mount /mnt/mergerfs
+$ mount | grep mergerfs
+media on /mnt/mergerfs type mergerfs (rw,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other)
+media on /mnt/mergerfs type mergerfs (rw,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other)
+
+

A problem with this approach is that the underlying instance will +continue to run even if the software using it stop or are +restarted. To work around this you can use a "lazy umount". Before +mounting over top the mount point with the new instance of mergerfs +issue: umount -l <mergerfs_mountpoint>. Or you can let mergerfs do +it by setting the option lazy-umount-mountpoint=true.

+

If the intent is to change settings at runtime then the runtime +interface should be used.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/sitemap.xml b/2.42.0-rc2/sitemap.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000..45c7b139 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/sitemap.xml @@ -0,0 +1,183 @@ + + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/quickstart/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/setup/installation/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/setup/upgrade/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/setup/build/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/terminology/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/intro_to_filesystems/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/options/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/deprecated_options/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/branches/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/branches-mount-timeout/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/functions_categories_policies/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/minfreespace/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/func_readdir/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/rename_and_link/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/moveonenospc/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/cache/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/passthrough/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/readahead/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/inodecalc/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/threads/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/pin-threads/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/proxy-ioprio/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/link-cow/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/fuse-msg-size/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/follow-symlinks/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/link-exdev/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/rename-exdev/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/symlinkify/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/nullrw/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/xattr/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/nfsopenhack/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/statfs/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/flush-on-close/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/export-support/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/kernel-permissions-check/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/config/lazy-umount-mountpoint/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/error_handling_and_logging/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/resource_usage/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/runtime_interface/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/remote_filesystems/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/tips_notes/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/known_issues_bugs/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/project_comparisons/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/benchmarking/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/performance/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/tooling/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/extended_usage_patterns/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/faq/why_isnt_it_working/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/faq/configuration_and_policies/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/faq/usage_and_functionality/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/faq/reliability_and_scalability/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/faq/compatibility_and_integration/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/faq/have_you_considered/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/faq/limit_drive_spinup/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/related_projects/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/media_and_publicity/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/support/ + + + https://trapexit.github.io/mergerfs/2.42.0-rc2/sponsorship_and_donations/ + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/sponsorship_and_donations/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/sponsorship_and_donations/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c358131a --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/sponsorship_and_donations/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2244 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Sponsorship, Donations, Support Contracts - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Sponsorship, Donations, Support Contracts

+

https://github.com/trapexit/support

+

Development and support of a project like mergerfs requires a +significant amount of time and effort. The software is released under +the very liberal ISC +license and is therefore free to use for personal or commercial uses.

+

If you are a non-commercial user and find mergerfs and its support valuable +and would like to support the project financially it would be very +much appreciated.

+

If you are using mergerfs commercially please consider sponsoring the +project or purchasing a support contract to ensure it continues to be +maintained and receive updates. Reach out for more +details.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Support

+

Filesystems are complex, as are the interactions software have with +them, and therefore difficult to debug. When reporting on a suspected +issue please include as much of the below information as possible +otherwise it will be difficult or impossible to diagnose. Also please +read the documentation as it provides details on many previously +encountered questions/issues.

+

Make sure you are using the latest +release or have tried +it in comparison. Old versions, which are often included in distros +like Debian and Ubuntu, are not ever going to be updated and the issue +you are encountering may have been addressed already.

+

For commercial support or feature requests please contact me +directly.

+

Information to include in bug reports

+
    +
  • Information about the broader problem along with any attempted + solutions.
    • +
  • Solution already ruled out and why.
    • +
  • The details from the output of the + mergerfs.collect-info tool.
    • +
  • All information about the relevant paths and files: permissions, + ownership, etc. Some of this is collected by the tool but only the + branch root details.
    • +
  • All information about the application making the requests: + version, uid/gid. Try though to replicate any issues with common + core utilities.
    • +
  • Try to recreate the problem in the simplest way using standard + programs: ln, mv, cp, ls, dd, etc. With the most simple + mergerfs setup possible such as using only a single branch, well + supported branch filesystem, maybe reduce to using a single thread, + etc.
    • +
  • Runtime environment:
      +
    • Is mergerfs running within a container?
      • +
    • Are the client apps using mergerfs running in a container?
      • +
    +
    • +
  • A strace of the app having problems:
      +
    • strace -fvTtt -s 256 -o /tmp/app.strace.txt <cmd>
      • +
    +
    • +
  • A strace of mergerfs before and while the program is + trying to do whatever it is failing to do:
      +
    • strace -fvTtt -s 256 -p <mergerfsPID> -o + /tmp/mergerfs.strace.txt
      • +
    +
    • +
  • If mergerfs is blocking or appears stuck:
      +
    • gdb -q --batch -ex "set pagination off" -ex "thread apply all + bt full" -ex quit --pid <mergerfsPID> > /tmp/mergerfs.stacktrace.txt
      • +
    +
    • +
  • Precise step-by-step directions on replicating the issue. Do not + leave anything out.
    • +
+

Contact / Issue submission

+

In order of preference.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/terminology/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/terminology/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6894d8d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/terminology/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2283 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Terminology - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Terminology

+
    +
  • disk, drive, disk drive: A physical data storage + device. Such as a hard + drive or solid-state drive. Usually requires the use of a filesystem + to be useful. mergerfs does not deal with disks.
    • +
  • filesystem: Lowlevel software which provides a way to organize data + and provide access to said data in a standard way. A filesystem is a + higher level abstraction that may or may not be stored on a + disk. mergerfs deals exclusively with filesystems.
    • +
  • path: A location within a filesystem. mergerfs can work with any + path within a filesystem and not simply the root.
    • +
  • branch: A base path used in a mergerfs pool. mergerfs can + accommodate multiple paths pointing to the same filesystem.
    • +
  • pool: The mergerfs mount. The union of the branches. The instance + of mergerfs. You can mount multiple mergerfs pools. Even with the + same branches.
    • +
  • relative path: The path in the pool relative to the branch and + mount. foo/bar is the relative path of mergerfs mount + /mnt/mergerfs/foo/bar.
    • +
  • function: A filesystem call such as open, unlink, create, + getattr, rmdir, etc. The requests your software make to the + filesystem.
    • +
  • category: A collection of functions based on basic behavior + (action, create, search).
    • +
  • policy: The algorithm used to select a file or files when + performing a function.
    • +
  • path preservation: Aspect of some policies which includes checking + the path for which a file would be created.
    • +
  • out-of-band: + out-of-band in our + context refers to interacting with the underlying filesystem + directly instead of going through mergerfs (or NFS or Samba).
    • +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Tips and Notes

+
    +
  • The documentation is explicit, literal, and reasonably thorough. If + a suspected feature is not mentioned it does not exist. Do not read + into the wording. What is described is how it functions. If you feel + like something is not explained sufficiently please file a + ticket.
    • +
  • If a libfuse argument is not listed it probably shouldn't be used + and is unsupported.
    • +
  • Ensure you're using the latest version. Especially before submitting + bug reports.
    • +
  • Run mergerfs as root. mergerfs is designed and intended to be run + as root and may exhibit incorrect behavior if run otherwise.
    • +
  • If you do not see some directories and files you expect, policies + seem to skip branches, you get strange permission errors, etc. be + sure the underlying filesystems' permissions are all the same. Use + mergerfs.fsck to audit the filesystem for out of sync permissions.
    • +
  • If you still have permission issues be sure you are using POSIX + compliant filesystems. mergerfs doesn't generally make exceptions + for FAT, NTFS, or other non-POSIX filesystem.
    • +
  • Unless using Linux v6.6 or above do not use cache.files=off if + you expect applications to use + mmap. Enabling dropcacheonclose + is recommended when cache.files=auto-full. See + quickstart.
    • +
  • Kodi, Plex, + Subsonic, etc. can use directory + mtime to more efficiently + determine whether to scan for new content rather than simply + performing a full scan. If using the default getattr policy of + ff it's possible those programs will miss an update on account of + it returning the first directory found's stat info and it is a + later directory on another mount which had the mtime recently + updated. To fix this you will want to set + func.getattr=newest. Remember though that this is just stat. If + the file is later open'ed or unlink'ed and the policy is + different for those then a completely different file or directory + could be acted on.
    • +
  • Some policies mixed with some functions may result in strange + behaviors. Not that some of these behaviors and race conditions + couldn't happen outside mergerfs but that they are far more + likely to occur on account of the attempt to merge multiple sources + of data which could be out of sync due to the different policies.
    • +
  • For consistency it's generally best to set category wide policies + rather than individual func's. This will help limit the + confusion of tools such as + rsync. However, the flexibility + is there if needed.
    • +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2.42.0-rc2/tooling/index.html b/2.42.0-rc2/tooling/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1a089909 --- /dev/null +++ b/2.42.0-rc2/tooling/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,2605 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Tooling - mergerfs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Tooling

+

mergerfs.collect-info

+

A tool included in recent releases of mergerfs which collects +details about your system and configuration to help providing +support.

+
$ mergerfs.collect-info
+* Please have mergerfs mounted before running this tool.
+* Upload the following file to your GitHub ticket or put on https://pastebin.com when requesting support.
+* /tmp/mergerfs.info.txt
+
+

fsck.mergerfs

+

A tool to help diagnose and solve mergerfs pool issues. Primarily +related to mismatched permissions and ownership.

+
$ fsck.mergerfs --help
+fsck.mergerfs: A tool to help diagnose and solve mergerfs pool issues
+
+
+USAGE: fsck.mergerfs [OPTIONS] path
+
+
+POSITIONALS:
+  path TEXT:DIR REQUIRED      mergerfs path
+
+OPTIONS:
+  -h,     --help              Print this help message and exit
+          --fix TEXT:{none,manual,newest,largest} [none]
+                              Will attempt to 'fix' the problem by chown+chmod or copying files
+                              based on a selected file.
+                              * none: Do nothing. Just print details.
+                              * manual: User selects source file.
+                              * newest: Use file with most recent mtime.
+                              * largest: Use file with largest size.
+          --check-size BOOLEAN [false]
+                              Considers file size in calculating differences
+          --copy-file BOOLEAN [false]
+                              Copy file rather than chown/chmod to fix
+
+

preload.so

+

EXPERIMENTAL

+

For some time there has been work to enable IO +passthrough in FUSE. IO Passthrough would +allow for near native performance with regards to reads and writes (at +the expense of certain mergerfs features.) In Linux v6.9 that feature +made its way into the kernel however in a somewhat limited form which +is incompatible with aspects of how mergerfs functions and took longer +to implement as a result. This preloadable library was created as an +alternative to the FUSE passthrough +integration.

+

/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so

+

This preloadable +library +overrides the creation and opening of files in order to simulate +passthrough file IO. It catches the open/creat/fopen calls, has +mergerfs do the call, queries mergerfs for the branch the file exists +on, reopens the file on the underlying filesystem and returns that +instead. Meaning that you will get native read/write performance +because mergerfs is no longer part of the workflow. Keep in mind that +this also means certain mergerfs features that work by interrupting +the read/write workflow, such as +moveonenospc, will no longer work.

+

Also, understand that this will only work on dynamically linked +software (that is dynamically linked with the same general libc version +as the software being used with it.) Anything statically compiled will +not work. Many GoLang and Rust apps are statically compiled.

+

The library will not interfere with non-mergerfs filesystems. The +library is written to always fallback to returning the mergerfs opened +file on error.

+

While the library was written to account for a number of edge cases +there could be some yet unaccounted for so please report any oddities.

+

Thank you to +nohajc for +prototyping the idea.

+

casual usage

+
LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so touch /mnt/mergerfs/filename
+
+

Or run export LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so in your shell +or place it in your shell config file to have it be picked up by all +software ran from your shell. For instance, in bash, add the export +to .bashrc.

+

Docker and Podman usage

+

Assume /mnt/fs0 and /mnt/fs1 are pooled with mergerfs at /media.

+

All mergerfs branch paths must be bind mounted into the container at +the same path as found on the host so the preload library can see +them.

+

NOTE: Since a container can have its own OS setup there is no +guarantee that preload.so from the host install will be compatible +with the loader found in the container. If that is true it simply +won't work and shouldn't cause any issues.

+
docker run \
+  -e LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so \
+  -v /usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so:/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so:ro \
+  -v /media:/media \
+  -v /mnt:/mnt \
+  ubuntu:latest \
+  bash
+
+

or more explicitly

+
docker run \
+  -e LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so \
+  -v /usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so:/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so:ro \
+  -v /media:/media \
+  -v /mnt/fs0:/mnt/fs0 \
+  -v /mnt/fs1:/mnt/fs1 \
+  ubuntu:latest \
+  bash
+
+

systemd unit

+

Use the Environment option to set the LD_PRELOAD variable.

+ +
[Service]
+Environment=LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so
+
+

Misc

+
    +
  • https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs-tools
      +
    • Keep in mind these tools are more to provide examples of custom + behaviors that can be build on top of mergerfs. They may not + have all the features you are looking for.
      • +
    • mergerfs.ctl: A tool to make it easier to query and configure mergerfs at runtime
      • +
    • mergerfs.fsck: Provides permissions and ownership auditing and + the ability to fix them (should use fsck.mergerfs instead)
      • +
    • mergerfs.dedup: Will help identify and optionally remove duplicate files
      • +
    • mergerfs.dup: Ensure there are at least N copies of a file across the pool
      • +
    • mergerfs.balance: Rebalance files across filesystems by moving them from the most filled to the least filled
      • +
    • mergerfs.consolidate: move files within a single mergerfs directory to the filesystem with most free space
      • +
    +
    • +
  • https://github.com/trapexit/scorch
      +
    • scorch: A tool to help discover silent corruption of files and keep track of files
      • +
    +
    • +
  • https://github.com/trapexit/bbf
      +
    • bbf (bad block finder): a tool to scan for and 'fix' hard drive bad blocks and find the files using those blocks
      • +
    +
    • +
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/versions.json b/versions.json index 8bb08076..0db0ef77 100644 --- a/versions.json +++ b/versions.json @@ -5,5 +5,10 @@ "aliases": [ "master" ] + }, + { + "version": "2.42.0-rc2", + "title": "2.42.0-rc2", + "aliases": [] } ]