diff --git a/backend/internal/service/gemini_chat_completions_compat_service.go b/backend/internal/service/gemini_chat_completions_compat_service.go
index f85ac0577a..61a635b64d 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/gemini_chat_completions_compat_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/gemini_chat_completions_compat_service.go
@@ -250,6 +250,8 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) forwardClaudeBodyAsChatCompletions(
 
 	var usage *ClaudeUsage
 	var firstTokenMs *int
+	clientDisconnect := false
+	streamFinished := false
 	if clientStream {
 		streamRes, err := s.handleChatCompletionsStreamingResponseFromGemini(c, resp, startTime, originalModel, account.Type == AccountTypeOAuth, includeUsage)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -257,6 +259,8 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) forwardClaudeBodyAsChatCompletions(
 		}
 		usage = streamRes.usage
 		firstTokenMs = streamRes.firstTokenMs
+		clientDisconnect = streamRes.clientDisconnect
+		streamFinished = streamRes.finished
 	} else if useUpstreamStream {
 		collected, usageObj, err := collectGeminiSSE(resp.Body, account.Type == AccountTypeOAuth)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -287,6 +291,10 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) forwardClaudeBodyAsChatCompletions(
 	if isImageGenerationModel(originalModel) {
 		imageCount = 1
 	}
+	// 客户端在收到结束分片前断开时只计已送达的图片：Chat 流不向客户端转发图片。
+	if clientDisconnect && !streamFinished {
+		imageCount = 0
+	}
 
 	return &ForwardResult{
 		RequestID:        requestID,
@@ -301,7 +309,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) forwardClaudeBodyAsChatCompletions(
 		ImageCount:       imageCount,
 		ImageSize:        imageSize,
 		ImageInputSize:   imageInputSize,
-		ClientDisconnect: false,
+		ClientDisconnect: clientDisconnect,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -532,6 +540,11 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleChatCompletionsStreamingResponseFrom
 	var usage ClaudeUsage
 	var firstTokenMs *int
 	firstChunk := true
+	finishReason := ""
+	clientDisconnect := false
+	streamResult := func() *geminiStreamResult {
+		return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs, clientDisconnect: clientDisconnect, finished: finishReason != ""}
+	}
 
 	writeChatChunk := func(chunk apicompat.ChatCompletionsChunk) bool {
 		sse, err := apicompat.ChatChunkToSSE(chunk)
@@ -539,6 +552,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleChatCompletionsStreamingResponseFrom
 			return false
 		}
 		if _, err := io.WriteString(c.Writer, sse); err != nil {
+			clientDisconnect = true
 			return true
 		}
 		return false
@@ -571,10 +585,9 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleChatCompletionsStreamingResponseFrom
 			Usage:      apicompat.AnthropicUsage{},
 		},
 	}) {
-		return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+		return streamResult(), nil
 	}
 
-	finishReason := ""
 	sawToolUse := false
 	nextBlockIndex := 0
 	openBlockIndex := -1
@@ -643,12 +656,12 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleChatCompletionsStreamingResponseFrom
 								}
 								if openToolIndex >= 0 {
 									if closeOpenTool() {
-										return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+										return streamResult(), nil
 									}
 								}
 								if openBlockType != "thinking" {
 									if closeOpenBlock() {
-										return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+										return streamResult(), nil
 									}
 									idx := nextBlockIndex
 									nextBlockIndex++
@@ -659,21 +672,21 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleChatCompletionsStreamingResponseFrom
 										Index:        &idx,
 										ContentBlock: &apicompat.AnthropicContentBlock{Type: "thinking"},
 									}) {
-										return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+										return streamResult(), nil
 									}
 								}
 								if emitAnthropicEvent(&apicompat.AnthropicStreamEvent{
 									Type:  "content_block_delta",
 									Delta: &apicompat.AnthropicDelta{Type: "thinking_delta", Thinking: delta},
 								}) {
-									return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+									return streamResult(), nil
 								}
 								continue
 							}
 							if text, ok := part["text"].(string); ok && text != "" {
 								if openToolIndex >= 0 {
 									if closeOpenTool() {
-										return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+										return streamResult(), nil
 									}
 								}
 								delta, newSeen := computeGeminiTextDelta(seenText, text)
@@ -683,7 +696,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleChatCompletionsStreamingResponseFrom
 								}
 								if openBlockType != "text" {
 									if closeOpenBlock() {
-										return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+										return streamResult(), nil
 									}
 									idx := nextBlockIndex
 									nextBlockIndex++
@@ -697,7 +710,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleChatCompletionsStreamingResponseFrom
 											Text: "",
 										},
 									}) {
-										return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+										return streamResult(), nil
 									}
 								}
 								if emitAnthropicEvent(&apicompat.AnthropicStreamEvent{
@@ -707,7 +720,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleChatCompletionsStreamingResponseFrom
 										Text: delta,
 									},
 								}) {
-									return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+									return streamResult(), nil
 								}
 								continue
 							}
@@ -718,11 +731,11 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleChatCompletionsStreamingResponseFrom
 									name = "tool"
 								}
 								if closeOpenBlock() {
-									return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+									return streamResult(), nil
 								}
 								if openToolIndex >= 0 && openToolName != name {
 									if closeOpenTool() {
-										return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+										return streamResult(), nil
 									}
 								}
 								if openToolIndex < 0 {
@@ -741,7 +754,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleChatCompletionsStreamingResponseFrom
 											Input: json.RawMessage(`{}`),
 										},
 									}) {
-										return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+										return streamResult(), nil
 									}
 								}
 
@@ -767,7 +780,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleChatCompletionsStreamingResponseFrom
 											PartialJSON: delta,
 										},
 									}) {
-										return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+										return streamResult(), nil
 									}
 								}
 							}
@@ -781,15 +794,20 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleChatCompletionsStreamingResponseFrom
 			break
 		}
 		if err != nil {
+			if geminiStreamAbortedWithBillableOutput(c, err, &usage) {
+				logger.LegacyPrintf("service.gemini_messages_compat", "[GeminiAPI] Client disconnected during chat completions stream, billing collected usage: %v", err)
+				clientDisconnect = true
+				return streamResult(), nil
+			}
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("stream read error: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 
 	if closeOpenBlock() {
-		return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+		return streamResult(), nil
 	}
 	if closeOpenTool() {
-		return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+		return streamResult(), nil
 	}
 
 	stopReason := mapGeminiFinishReasonToClaudeStopReason(finishReason)
@@ -810,30 +828,30 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleChatCompletionsStreamingResponseFrom
 			CacheReadInputTokens: usage.CacheReadInputTokens,
 		},
 	}) {
-		return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+		return streamResult(), nil
 	}
 	if emitAnthropicEvent(&apicompat.AnthropicStreamEvent{Type: "message_stop"}) {
-		return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+		return streamResult(), nil
 	}
 
 	for _, resEvt := range apicompat.FinalizeAnthropicResponsesStream(anthState) {
 		chunks := apicompat.ResponsesEventToChatChunks(&resEvt, ccState)
 		for _, chunk := range chunks {
 			if disconnected := writeChatChunk(chunk); disconnected {
-				return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+				return streamResult(), nil
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	for _, chunk := range apicompat.FinalizeResponsesChatStream(ccState) {
 		if disconnected := writeChatChunk(chunk); disconnected {
-			return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+			return streamResult(), nil
 		}
 	}
 
 	_, _ = io.WriteString(c.Writer, "data: [DONE]\n\n")
 	flusher.Flush()
 
-	return &geminiStreamResult{usage: &usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+	return streamResult(), nil
 }
 
 func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) writeGeminiChatCompletionsMappedError(
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/gemini_messages_compat_service.go b/backend/internal/service/gemini_messages_compat_service.go
index 48b095fb36..6f41c1dfef 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/gemini_messages_compat_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/gemini_messages_compat_service.go
@@ -1015,6 +1015,8 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Contex
 
 	var usage *ClaudeUsage
 	var firstTokenMs *int
+	clientDisconnect := false
+	streamFinished := false
 	if req.Stream {
 		streamRes, err := s.handleStreamingResponse(c, resp, startTime, originalModel)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -1022,6 +1024,8 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Contex
 		}
 		usage = streamRes.usage
 		firstTokenMs = streamRes.firstTokenMs
+		clientDisconnect = streamRes.clientDisconnect
+		streamFinished = streamRes.finished
 	} else {
 		if useUpstreamStream {
 			collected, usageObj, err := collectGeminiSSE(resp.Body, true)
@@ -1049,6 +1053,10 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Contex
 	imageInputSize := s.extractImageInputSize(body)
 	imageSize := normalizeOpenAIImageSizeTier(imageInputSize)
 	imageCount := resolveGeminiImageCount(c, originalModel, mappedModel)
+	// 客户端在收到结束分片前断开时只计已送达的图片：Claude 兼容流不向客户端转发图片。
+	if clientDisconnect && !streamFinished {
+		imageCount = 0
+	}
 
 	return &ForwardResult{
 		RequestID:                     requestID,
@@ -1062,6 +1070,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Contex
 		Duration:                      time.Since(startTime),
 		FirstTokenMs:                  firstTokenMs,
 		ReasoningEffort:               extractGeminiReasoningEffortFromBody(geminiReq),
+		ClientDisconnect:              clientDisconnect,
 		ImageCount:                    imageCount,
 		ImageSize:                     imageSize,
 		ImageInputSize:                imageInputSize,
@@ -1530,6 +1539,8 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) ForwardNative(ctx context.Context, c *gin.
 
 	var usage *ClaudeUsage
 	var firstTokenMs *int
+	clientDisconnect := false
+	streamFinished := false
 
 	if stream {
 		streamRes, err := s.handleNativeStreamingResponse(c, resp, startTime, isOAuth, account, requestID)
@@ -1538,6 +1549,8 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) ForwardNative(ctx context.Context, c *gin.
 		}
 		usage = streamRes.usage
 		firstTokenMs = streamRes.firstTokenMs
+		clientDisconnect = streamRes.clientDisconnect
+		streamFinished = streamRes.finished
 	} else {
 		if useUpstreamStream {
 			var best geminiResponseSignal
@@ -1572,6 +1585,10 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) ForwardNative(ctx context.Context, c *gin.
 	imageInputSize := s.extractImageInputSize(body)
 	imageSize := normalizeOpenAIImageSizeTier(imageInputSize)
 	imageCount := resolveGeminiImageCount(c, originalModel, mappedModel)
+	// 客户端在收到结束分片前断开时只计已送达的图片。
+	if clientDisconnect && !streamFinished {
+		imageCount = observedGeminiImageOutputs(c)
+	}
 
 	return &ForwardResult{
 		RequestID:                     requestID,
@@ -1585,6 +1602,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) ForwardNative(ctx context.Context, c *gin.
 		ReasoningEffort:               extractGeminiReasoningEffortFromBody(body),
 		Duration:                      time.Since(startTime),
 		FirstTokenMs:                  firstTokenMs,
+		ClientDisconnect:              clientDisconnect,
 		ImageCount:                    imageCount,
 		ImageSize:                     imageSize,
 		ImageInputSize:                imageInputSize,
@@ -2068,8 +2086,10 @@ func mapGeminiStatusToClaudeErrorType(status string) string {
 }
 
 type geminiStreamResult struct {
-	usage        *ClaudeUsage
-	firstTokenMs *int
+	usage            *ClaudeUsage
+	firstTokenMs     *int
+	clientDisconnect bool // 客户端在流式传输中途断开，结果为断开前已收集的部分
+	finished         bool // 断开前已收到上游 finishReason
 }
 
 func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleNonStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context, resp *http.Response, originalModel string) (*ClaudeUsage, error) {
@@ -2151,6 +2171,15 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleStreamingResponse(c *gin.Context, re
 	for {
 		line, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
 		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+			if geminiStreamAbortedWithBillableOutput(c, err, &usage) {
+				logger.LegacyPrintf("service.gemini_messages_compat", "[GeminiAPI] Client disconnected during messages stream, billing collected usage: %v", err)
+				return &geminiStreamResult{
+					usage:            &usage,
+					firstTokenMs:     firstTokenMs,
+					clientDisconnect: true,
+					finished:         finishReason != "",
+				}, nil
+			}
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("stream read error: %w", err)
 		}
 
@@ -2660,8 +2689,10 @@ func mergeCollectedTextParts(response map[string]any, textParts []string) map[st
 }
 
 type geminiNativeStreamResult struct {
-	usage        *ClaudeUsage
-	firstTokenMs *int
+	usage            *ClaudeUsage
+	firstTokenMs     *int
+	clientDisconnect bool // 客户端在流式传输中途断开，结果为断开前已收集的部分
+	finished         bool // 断开前已收到上游 finishReason
 }
 
 func isGeminiInsufficientScope(headers http.Header, body []byte) bool {
@@ -2838,10 +2869,13 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleNativeStreamingResponse(c *gin.Conte
 	var best geminiResponseSignal
 	sawDataEvent := false
 	fallback := &geminiSSEFallbackBody{}
+	clientDisconnect := false
+	finished := false
 
 	for {
 		line, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
-		if len(line) > 0 {
+		// 读错误时 line 是未以换行结尾的残行，不透传也不参与用量统计；EOF 时的末行完整有效。
+		if len(line) > 0 && (err == nil || errors.Is(err, io.EOF)) {
 			trimmed := strings.TrimRight(line, "\r\n")
 			if strings.HasPrefix(trimmed, "data:") {
 				payload := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(trimmed, "data:"))
@@ -2874,6 +2908,10 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleNativeStreamingResponse(c *gin.Conte
 					observer.ObserveGemini(rawBytes)
 					observeGeminiImageOutputs(c, rawBytes)
 
+					if gjson.GetBytes(rawBytes, "candidates.0.finishReason").String() != "" {
+						finished = true
+					}
+
 					if firstTokenMs == nil {
 						ms := int(time.Since(startTime).Milliseconds())
 						firstTokenMs = &ms
@@ -2901,13 +2939,18 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) handleNativeStreamingResponse(c *gin.Conte
 			break
 		}
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			if !geminiStreamAbortedWithBillableOutput(c, err, usage) {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			clientDisconnect = true
+			logger.LegacyPrintf("service.gemini_messages_compat", "[GeminiAPI] Client disconnected during native stream (account=%d), billing collected usage: %v", account.ID, err)
+			break
 		}
 	}
 
 	s.finalizeGeminiSSESignal(c, account, true, upstreamRequestID, best, sawDataEvent, fallback)
 
-	return &geminiNativeStreamResult{usage: usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs}, nil
+	return &geminiNativeStreamResult{usage: usage, firstTokenMs: firstTokenMs, clientDisconnect: clientDisconnect, finished: finished}, nil
 }
 
 // unwrapGeminiResponse 解包 Gemini OAuth 响应中的 response 字段
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/gemini_stream_client_abort.go b/backend/internal/service/gemini_stream_client_abort.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1dba1b802
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/service/gemini_stream_client_abort.go
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+// geminiStreamAbortedWithBillableOutput 判断流式读取中断是否由客户端断开引起，且断开前
+// 已观测到可计费的输出（token 用量或已回吐的图片）。满足时调用方以已收集的结果收尾并照常计费。
+// usageMetadata 为累计值，按断开前收到的最后一份计费：读到结束分片后断开即完整用量；
+// 中途断开时中间分片可能只含输入计数或不含用量，此时按已有计数计费或不计费。
+func geminiStreamAbortedWithBillableOutput(c *gin.Context, err error, usage *ClaudeUsage) bool {
+	if err == nil || errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+		return false
+	}
+	clientGone := errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) ||
+		(c != nil && c.Request != nil && c.Request.Context().Err() != nil)
+	if !clientGone {
+		return false
+	}
+	return usage.hasObservedTokens() || observedGeminiImageOutputs(c) > 0
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/gemini_stream_client_abort_test.go b/backend/internal/service/gemini_stream_client_abort_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0825d5152a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/service/gemini_stream_client_abort_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+//go:build unit
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// geminiAbortingStreamBody 先吐出 data，读完后返回 abortErr；onAbort 用于模拟客户端断开时请求 context 被取消。
+type geminiAbortingStreamBody struct {
+	data     *bytes.Reader
+	abortErr error
+	onAbort  func()
+}
+
+func (b *geminiAbortingStreamBody) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	n, err := b.data.Read(p)
+	if err == io.EOF {
+		if b.onAbort != nil {
+			b.onAbort()
+		}
+		return n, b.abortErr
+	}
+	return n, err
+}
+
+func (b *geminiAbortingStreamBody) Close() error { return nil }
+
+const (
+	geminiAbortTextChunk  = `data: {"candidates":[{"content":{"parts":[{"text":"hello"}],"role":"model"}}]}` + "\n\n"
+	geminiAbortFinalChunk = `data: {"candidates":[{"content":{"parts":[{"text":" world"}],"role":"model"},"finishReason":"STOP"}],"usageMetadata":{"promptTokenCount":10,"candidatesTokenCount":5,"totalTokenCount":15}}` + "\n\n"
+	geminiAbortImageChunk = `data: {"candidates":[{"content":{"parts":[{"inlineData":{"mimeType":"image/png","data":"aGVsbG8="}}],"role":"model"},"finishReason":"STOP"}],"usageMetadata":{"promptTokenCount":10,"candidatesTokenCount":1290,"totalTokenCount":1300}}` + "\n\n"
+	geminiAbortUsageChunk = `data: {"candidates":[{"content":{"parts":[{"text":"drawing"}],"role":"model"}}],"usageMetadata":{"promptTokenCount":10,"candidatesTokenCount":2,"totalTokenCount":12}}` + "\n\n"
+)
+
+// newGeminiAbortingStreamService 返回的上游流在吐完 sse 后中断；clientGone=true 时中断伴随请求 context 取消。
+func newGeminiAbortingStreamService(t *testing.T, path string, reqBody []byte, sse string, clientGone bool) (*GeminiMessagesCompatService, *gin.Context, *httptest.ResponseRecorder) {
+	t.Helper()
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := gin.CreateTestContext(rec)
+	reqCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	t.Cleanup(cancel)
+	c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, path, bytes.NewReader(reqBody)).WithContext(reqCtx)
+
+	body := &geminiAbortingStreamBody{data: bytes.NewReader([]byte(sse)), abortErr: io.ErrUnexpectedEOF}
+	if clientGone {
+		body.abortErr = context.Canceled
+		body.onAbort = cancel
+	}
+	svc, httpStub := newGeminiVertexAPIKeyTestService()
+	httpStub.response = &http.Response{
+		StatusCode: http.StatusOK,
+		Header:     http.Header{"Content-Type": []string{"text/event-stream"}},
+		Body:       body,
+	}
+	return svc, c, rec
+}
+
+func TestGeminiForwardNative_ClientDisconnectAfterFinalChunkBillsCollectedUsage(t *testing.T) {
+	reqBody := []byte(`{"contents":[{"role":"user","parts":[{"text":"hi"}]}]}`)
+	svc, c, _ := newGeminiAbortingStreamService(t, "/v1beta/models/gemini-3-flash-preview:streamGenerateContent", reqBody, geminiAbortTextChunk+geminiAbortFinalChunk, true)
+
+	result, err := svc.ForwardNative(context.Background(), c, geminiVertexAPIKeyTestAccount(""), "gemini-3-flash-preview", "streamGenerateContent", true, reqBody)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, result)
+	require.True(t, result.ClientDisconnect)
+	require.Equal(t, 10, result.Usage.InputTokens)
+	require.Equal(t, 5, result.Usage.OutputTokens)
+	require.Zero(t, result.ImageCount)
+}
+
+func TestGeminiForwardNative_ClientDisconnectWithoutUsageStaysUnbilled(t *testing.T) {
+	reqBody := []byte(`{"contents":[{"role":"user","parts":[{"text":"hi"}]}]}`)
+	svc, c, _ := newGeminiAbortingStreamService(t, "/v1beta/models/gemini-3-flash-preview:streamGenerateContent", reqBody, geminiAbortTextChunk, true)
+
+	result, err := svc.ForwardNative(context.Background(), c, geminiVertexAPIKeyTestAccount(""), "gemini-3-flash-preview", "streamGenerateContent", true, reqBody)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, context.Canceled)
+	require.Nil(t, result)
+}
+
+func TestGeminiForwardNative_UpstreamReadErrorWithLiveClientStaysError(t *testing.T) {
+	reqBody := []byte(`{"contents":[{"role":"user","parts":[{"text":"hi"}]}]}`)
+	svc, c, _ := newGeminiAbortingStreamService(t, "/v1beta/models/gemini-3-flash-preview:streamGenerateContent", reqBody, geminiAbortTextChunk+geminiAbortFinalChunk, false)
+
+	result, err := svc.ForwardNative(context.Background(), c, geminiVertexAPIKeyTestAccount(""), "gemini-3-flash-preview", "streamGenerateContent", true, reqBody)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF)
+	require.Nil(t, result)
+}
+
+func TestGeminiForwardNative_ClientDisconnectBillsOnlyDeliveredImages(t *testing.T) {
+	reqBody := []byte(`{"contents":[{"role":"user","parts":[{"text":"draw a cat"}]}]}`)
+
+	t.Run("image delivered before disconnect", func(t *testing.T) {
+		svc, c, _ := newGeminiAbortingStreamService(t, "/v1beta/models/gemini-3-pro-image:streamGenerateContent", reqBody, geminiAbortImageChunk, true)
+		result, err := svc.ForwardNative(context.Background(), c, geminiVertexAPIKeyTestAccount(""), "gemini-3-pro-image", "streamGenerateContent", true, reqBody)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.True(t, result.ClientDisconnect)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, result.ImageCount)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("disconnect before the image arrives", func(t *testing.T) {
+		svc, c, _ := newGeminiAbortingStreamService(t, "/v1beta/models/gemini-3-pro-image:streamGenerateContent", reqBody, geminiAbortUsageChunk, true)
+		result, err := svc.ForwardNative(context.Background(), c, geminiVertexAPIKeyTestAccount(""), "gemini-3-pro-image", "streamGenerateContent", true, reqBody)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.True(t, result.ClientDisconnect)
+		require.Zero(t, result.ImageCount)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, result.Usage.OutputTokens)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestGeminiCompatForward_ClientDisconnectAfterFinalChunkBillsCollectedUsage(t *testing.T) {
+	reqBody := []byte(`{"model":"gemini-3-flash-preview","max_tokens":16,"stream":true,"messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}]}`)
+
+	t.Run("client gone", func(t *testing.T) {
+		svc, c, _ := newGeminiAbortingStreamService(t, "/v1/messages", reqBody, geminiAbortTextChunk+geminiAbortFinalChunk, true)
+		result, err := svc.Forward(context.Background(), c, geminiVertexAPIKeyTestAccount(""), reqBody)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.True(t, result.ClientDisconnect)
+		require.Equal(t, 10, result.Usage.InputTokens)
+		require.Equal(t, 5, result.Usage.OutputTokens)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("upstream read error with live client", func(t *testing.T) {
+		svc, c, _ := newGeminiAbortingStreamService(t, "/v1/messages", reqBody, geminiAbortTextChunk+geminiAbortFinalChunk, false)
+		result, err := svc.Forward(context.Background(), c, geminiVertexAPIKeyTestAccount(""), reqBody)
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF)
+		require.Nil(t, result)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestGeminiForwardAsChatCompletions_ClientDisconnectAfterFinalChunkBillsCollectedUsage(t *testing.T) {
+	reqBody := []byte(`{"model":"gemini-3-flash-preview","stream":true,"messages":[{"role":"user","content":"hi"}]}`)
+
+	t.Run("client gone", func(t *testing.T) {
+		svc, c, _ := newGeminiAbortingStreamService(t, "/v1/chat/completions", reqBody, geminiAbortTextChunk+geminiAbortFinalChunk, true)
+		result, err := svc.ForwardAsChatCompletions(context.Background(), c, geminiVertexAPIKeyTestAccount(""), reqBody)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.True(t, result.ClientDisconnect)
+		require.Equal(t, 10, result.Usage.InputTokens)
+		require.Equal(t, 5, result.Usage.OutputTokens)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("client gone before usage", func(t *testing.T) {
+		svc, c, _ := newGeminiAbortingStreamService(t, "/v1/chat/completions", reqBody, geminiAbortTextChunk, true)
+		result, err := svc.ForwardAsChatCompletions(context.Background(), c, geminiVertexAPIKeyTestAccount(""), reqBody)
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, context.Canceled)
+		require.Nil(t, result)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestGeminiForwardNative_ClientDisconnectAfterFinishKeepsImageFallback(t *testing.T) {
+	// 结束分片已到达但图片不以 inlineData 回吐时，断开与正常完成同口径按模型名兜底。
+	finishWithoutInline := `data: {"candidates":[{"content":{"parts":[{"fileData":{"mimeType":"image/png","fileUri":"gs://bucket/cat.png"}}],"role":"model"},"finishReason":"STOP"}],"usageMetadata":{"promptTokenCount":10,"candidatesTokenCount":1290,"totalTokenCount":1300}}` + "\n\n"
+	reqBody := []byte(`{"contents":[{"role":"user","parts":[{"text":"draw a cat"}]}]}`)
+	svc, c, _ := newGeminiAbortingStreamService(t, "/v1beta/models/gemini-3-pro-image:streamGenerateContent", reqBody, finishWithoutInline, true)
+
+	result, err := svc.ForwardNative(context.Background(), c, geminiVertexAPIKeyTestAccount(""), "gemini-3-pro-image", "streamGenerateContent", true, reqBody)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, result.ClientDisconnect)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, result.ImageCount)
+}
+
+func TestGeminiForwardNative_ClientDisconnectIgnoresTruncatedTrailingLine(t *testing.T) {
+	complete := `data: {"candidates":[{"content":{"parts":[{"text":"hello"}],"role":"model"}}],"usageMetadata":{"promptTokenCount":1000,"candidatesTokenCount":300,"totalTokenCount":1300}}` + "\n\n"
+	truncated := `data: {"candidates":[{"content":{"parts":[{"text":" more"}],"role":"model"}}],"usageMetadata":{`
+	reqBody := []byte(`{"contents":[{"role":"user","parts":[{"text":"hi"}]}]}`)
+	svc, c, _ := newGeminiAbortingStreamService(t, "/v1beta/models/gemini-3-flash-preview:streamGenerateContent", reqBody, complete+truncated, true)
+
+	result, err := svc.ForwardNative(context.Background(), c, geminiVertexAPIKeyTestAccount(""), "gemini-3-flash-preview", "streamGenerateContent", true, reqBody)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, result.ClientDisconnect)
+	require.Equal(t, 1000, result.Usage.InputTokens)
+	require.Equal(t, 300, result.Usage.OutputTokens)
+}
+
+func TestGeminiForwardAsChatCompletions_ClientDisconnectImageCount(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("disconnect before finish bills no image", func(t *testing.T) {
+		reqBody := []byte(`{"model":"gemini-3-pro-image","stream":true,"messages":[{"role":"user","content":"draw a cat"}]}`)
+		svc, c, _ := newGeminiAbortingStreamService(t, "/v1/chat/completions", reqBody, geminiAbortUsageChunk, true)
+		result, err := svc.ForwardAsChatCompletions(context.Background(), c, geminiVertexAPIKeyTestAccount(""), reqBody)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.True(t, result.ClientDisconnect)
+		require.Zero(t, result.ImageCount)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, result.Usage.OutputTokens)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("disconnect after finish keeps completed-request image count", func(t *testing.T) {
+		reqBody := []byte(`{"model":"gemini-3-pro-image","stream":true,"messages":[{"role":"user","content":"draw a cat"}]}`)
+		svc, c, _ := newGeminiAbortingStreamService(t, "/v1/chat/completions", reqBody, geminiAbortImageChunk, true)
+		result, err := svc.ForwardAsChatCompletions(context.Background(), c, geminiVertexAPIKeyTestAccount(""), reqBody)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.True(t, result.ClientDisconnect)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, result.ImageCount)
+	})
+}
+
+// geminiFailingResponseWriter 模拟客户端已断开：所有写入失败。
+type geminiFailingResponseWriter struct {
+	header http.Header
+}
+
+func (w *geminiFailingResponseWriter) Header() http.Header       { return w.header }
+func (w *geminiFailingResponseWriter) Write([]byte) (int, error) { return 0, io.ErrClosedPipe }
+func (w *geminiFailingResponseWriter) WriteHeader(int)           {}
+func (w *geminiFailingResponseWriter) Flush()                    {}
+
+func TestGeminiForwardAsChatCompletions_WriteFailureOnImageModelBillsNoImage(t *testing.T) {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+	reqBody := []byte(`{"model":"gemini-3-pro-image","stream":true,"messages":[{"role":"user","content":"draw a cat"}]}`)
+	c, _ := gin.CreateTestContext(&geminiFailingResponseWriter{header: http.Header{}})
+	c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/v1/chat/completions", bytes.NewReader(reqBody))
+	svc, httpStub := newGeminiVertexAPIKeyTestService()
+	httpStub.response = &http.Response{
+		StatusCode: http.StatusOK,
+		Header:     http.Header{"Content-Type": []string{"text/event-stream"}},
+		Body:       io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader([]byte(geminiAbortUsageChunk))),
+	}
+
+	result, err := svc.ForwardAsChatCompletions(context.Background(), c, geminiVertexAPIKeyTestAccount(""), reqBody)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, result.ClientDisconnect)
+	require.Zero(t, result.ImageCount)
+}
+
+func TestGeminiCompatForward_ClientDisconnectBeforeFinishBillsNoImage(t *testing.T) {
+	inlineWithoutFinish := `data: {"candidates":[{"content":{"parts":[{"inlineData":{"mimeType":"image/png","data":"aGVsbG8="}}],"role":"model"}}],"usageMetadata":{"promptTokenCount":10,"candidatesTokenCount":1290,"totalTokenCount":1300}}` + "\n\n"
+	reqBody := []byte(`{"model":"gemini-3-pro-image","max_tokens":16,"stream":true,"messages":[{"role":"user","content":"draw a cat"}]}`)
+	svc, c, _ := newGeminiAbortingStreamService(t, "/v1/messages", reqBody, inlineWithoutFinish, true)
+
+	result, err := svc.Forward(context.Background(), c, geminiVertexAPIKeyTestAccount(""), reqBody)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, result.ClientDisconnect)
+	require.Zero(t, result.ImageCount)
+	require.Equal(t, 1290, result.Usage.OutputTokens)
+}