diff --git a/backend/internal/payment/provider/alipay.go b/backend/internal/payment/provider/alipay.go
index 42a9387171..dbd0e9cccb 100644
--- a/backend/internal/payment/provider/alipay.go
+++ b/backend/internal/payment/provider/alipay.go
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/payment"
+	infraerrors "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/smartwalle/alipay/v3"
 )
 
@@ -24,7 +25,10 @@ const (
 const (
 	alipayFundChangeYes    = "Y"
 	alipayErrTradeNotExist = "ACQ.TRADE_NOT_EXIST"
-	alipayRefundSuffix     = "-refund"
+	alipayRefundStatusSucc = "REFUND_SUCCESS"
+	alipayRefundRequestSep = "-refund-"
+	// 支付宝提示退款发起后过早查询可能查不到、之后又处理成功；超过该时长仍无记录才判定失败。
+	alipayRefundQueryNotFoundGrace = 10 * time.Minute
 )
 
 var (
@@ -37,6 +41,12 @@ var (
 	alipayTradePagePay = func(client *alipay.Client, param alipay.TradePagePay) (*url.URL, error) {
 		return client.TradePagePay(param)
 	}
+	alipayTradeRefund = func(ctx context.Context, client *alipay.Client, param alipay.TradeRefund) (*alipay.TradeRefundRsp, error) {
+		return client.TradeRefund(ctx, param)
+	}
+	alipayTradeFastPayRefundQuery = func(ctx context.Context, client *alipay.Client, param alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQuery) (*alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQueryRsp, error) {
+		return client.TradeFastPayRefundQuery(ctx, param)
+	}
 )
 
 // Alipay implements payment.Provider and payment.CancelableProvider using the smartwalle/alipay SDK.
@@ -338,32 +348,76 @@ func (a *Alipay) Refund(ctx context.Context, req payment.RefundRequest) (*paymen
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	result, err := client.TradeRefund(ctx, alipay.TradeRefund{
+	outRequestNo := fmt.Sprintf("%s%s%d", req.OrderID, alipayRefundRequestSep, time.Now().UnixNano())
+	result, err := alipayTradeRefund(ctx, client, alipay.TradeRefund{
 		OutTradeNo:   req.OrderID,
 		RefundAmount: req.Amount,
 		RefundReason: req.Reason,
-		OutRequestNo: fmt.Sprintf("%s-refund-%d", req.OrderID, time.Now().UnixNano()),
+		OutRequestNo: outRequestNo,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("alipay TradeRefund: %w", err)
 	}
+	if result == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("alipay TradeRefund: empty response")
+	}
 
 	refundStatus := payment.ProviderStatusPending
 	if result.FundChange == alipayFundChangeYes {
 		refundStatus = payment.ProviderStatusSuccess
 	}
 
-	refundID := result.TradeNo
-	if refundID == "" {
-		refundID = req.OrderID + alipayRefundSuffix
-	}
-
+	// fund_change != Y 时需凭退款请求号查询终态，因此 RefundID 记录 out_request_no。
 	return &payment.RefundResponse{
-		RefundID: refundID,
+		RefundID: outRequestNo,
 		Status:   refundStatus,
 	}, nil
 }
 
+// QueryRefund 通过 alipay.trade.fastpay.refund.query 查询退款终态。refund_status 为 REFUND_SUCCESS
+// 表示成功；退款发起超过宽限期仍查不到记录表示支付宝未受理或退款失败；其余情况视为仍在处理中。
+func (a *Alipay) QueryRefund(ctx context.Context, req payment.RefundQueryRequest) (*payment.RefundResponse, error) {
+	orderID := strings.TrimSpace(req.OrderID)
+	outRequestNo := strings.TrimSpace(req.RefundID)
+	// 旧版本把支付宝交易号记为 RefundID，无法据此查询退款请求，只能人工核实。
+	if orderID == "" || !strings.HasPrefix(outRequestNo, orderID+alipayRefundRequestSep) {
+		return nil, infraerrors.BadRequest("REFUND_QUERY_UNSUPPORTED", "this refund was issued without a queryable refund request number; please verify manually")
+	}
+	client, err := a.getClient()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	result, err := alipayTradeFastPayRefundQuery(ctx, client, alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQuery{
+		OutTradeNo:   orderID,
+		OutRequestNo: outRequestNo,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("alipay query refund: %w", err)
+	}
+	if result == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("alipay query refund: empty response")
+	}
+	// SDK 对带签名的业务失败响应（如 ACQ.SYSTEM_ERROR）不返回 error，字段为空；
+	// 不检查错误码会被误判为"无退款记录"而失败收尾。
+	if result.IsFailure() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("alipay query refund: %w", result.Error)
+	}
+
+	status := payment.ProviderStatusPending
+	switch {
+	case strings.TrimSpace(result.RefundStatus) == alipayRefundStatusSucc:
+		status = payment.ProviderStatusSuccess
+	case strings.TrimSpace(result.OutRequestNo) == "" && strings.TrimSpace(result.RefundAmount) == "" &&
+		alipayRefundAbsenceIsFinal(req.RequestedAt, time.Now()):
+		status = payment.ProviderStatusFailed
+	}
+	return &payment.RefundResponse{RefundID: outRequestNo, Status: status}, nil
+}
+
+func alipayRefundAbsenceIsFinal(requestedAt, now time.Time) bool {
+	return !requestedAt.IsZero() && now.Sub(requestedAt) >= alipayRefundQueryNotFoundGrace
+}
+
 // CancelPayment closes a pending trade on Alipay.
 func (a *Alipay) CancelPayment(ctx context.Context, tradeNo string) error {
 	client, err := a.getClient()
@@ -406,5 +460,6 @@ func parseAlipayAmount(values ...string) (float64, error) {
 var (
 	_ payment.Provider                 = (*Alipay)(nil)
 	_ payment.CancelableProvider       = (*Alipay)(nil)
+	_ payment.RefundQueryProvider      = (*Alipay)(nil)
 	_ payment.MerchantIdentityProvider = (*Alipay)(nil)
 )
diff --git a/backend/internal/payment/provider/alipay_test.go b/backend/internal/payment/provider/alipay_test.go
index bb725f8c2f..a2264b2eef 100644
--- a/backend/internal/payment/provider/alipay_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/payment/provider/alipay_test.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"net/url"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/payment"
 	"github.com/smartwalle/alipay/v3"
@@ -444,3 +445,129 @@ func TestParseAlipayAmount(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected error when no valid amount field exists")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestAlipayRefundRecordsOutRequestNoAsRefundID(t *testing.T) {
+	origRefund := alipayTradeRefund
+	t.Cleanup(func() { alipayTradeRefund = origRefund })
+
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		fundChange string
+		wantStatus string
+	}{
+		{fundChange: alipayFundChangeYes, wantStatus: payment.ProviderStatusSuccess},
+		{fundChange: "N", wantStatus: payment.ProviderStatusPending},
+	} {
+		var gotOutRequestNo string
+		alipayTradeRefund = func(_ context.Context, _ *alipay.Client, param alipay.TradeRefund) (*alipay.TradeRefundRsp, error) {
+			if param.OutTradeNo != "sub2_7" || param.RefundAmount != "12.50" {
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected refund param: %+v", param)
+			}
+			gotOutRequestNo = param.OutRequestNo
+			return &alipay.TradeRefundRsp{TradeNo: "2026101522001", FundChange: tc.fundChange}, nil
+		}
+
+		provider := &Alipay{client: &alipay.Client{}}
+		resp, err := provider.Refund(context.Background(), payment.RefundRequest{OrderID: "sub2_7", Amount: "12.50", Reason: "r"})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Refund() error = %v", err)
+		}
+		if resp.Status != tc.wantStatus {
+			t.Fatalf("fund_change=%s status = %q, want %q", tc.fundChange, resp.Status, tc.wantStatus)
+		}
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(gotOutRequestNo, "sub2_7-refund-") || resp.RefundID != gotOutRequestNo {
+			t.Fatalf("RefundID = %q, out_request_no = %q", resp.RefundID, gotOutRequestNo)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAlipayQueryRefundMapsStatus(t *testing.T) {
+	origQuery := alipayTradeFastPayRefundQuery
+	t.Cleanup(func() { alipayTradeFastPayRefundQuery = origQuery })
+
+	const outRequestNo = "sub2_7-refund-1760500000000000000"
+	ok := alipay.Error{Code: alipay.CodeSuccess, Msg: "Success"}
+	settled := time.Now().Add(-alipayRefundQueryNotFoundGrace - time.Minute)
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name        string
+		rsp         *alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQueryRsp
+		requestedAt time.Time
+		wantStatus  string
+	}{
+		{name: "success", rsp: &alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQueryRsp{Error: ok, OutRequestNo: outRequestNo, RefundAmount: "12.50", RefundStatus: alipayRefundStatusSucc}, requestedAt: settled, wantStatus: payment.ProviderStatusSuccess},
+		{name: "record without final status", rsp: &alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQueryRsp{Error: ok, OutRequestNo: outRequestNo, RefundAmount: "12.50"}, requestedAt: settled, wantStatus: payment.ProviderStatusPending},
+		{name: "no refund record after grace", rsp: &alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQueryRsp{Error: ok}, requestedAt: settled, wantStatus: payment.ProviderStatusFailed},
+		{name: "no refund record within grace", rsp: &alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQueryRsp{Error: ok}, requestedAt: time.Now().Add(-time.Minute), wantStatus: payment.ProviderStatusPending},
+		{name: "no refund record with unknown request time", rsp: &alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQueryRsp{Error: ok}, wantStatus: payment.ProviderStatusPending},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			alipayTradeFastPayRefundQuery = func(_ context.Context, _ *alipay.Client, param alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQuery) (*alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQueryRsp, error) {
+				if param.OutTradeNo != "sub2_7" || param.OutRequestNo != outRequestNo {
+					t.Fatalf("unexpected query param: %+v", param)
+				}
+				return tc.rsp, nil
+			}
+			provider := &Alipay{client: &alipay.Client{}}
+			resp, err := provider.QueryRefund(context.Background(), payment.RefundQueryRequest{OrderID: "sub2_7", RefundID: outRequestNo, RequestedAt: tc.requestedAt})
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("QueryRefund() error = %v", err)
+			}
+			if resp.Status != tc.wantStatus || resp.RefundID != outRequestNo {
+				t.Fatalf("QueryRefund() = %+v, want status %q", resp, tc.wantStatus)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// SDK 对带签名的业务失败响应返回 err == nil，错误码只在响应体里。
+func TestAlipayQueryRefundBusinessFailureKeepsRefundPending(t *testing.T) {
+	origQuery := alipayTradeFastPayRefundQuery
+	t.Cleanup(func() { alipayTradeFastPayRefundQuery = origQuery })
+
+	for _, rspErr := range []alipay.Error{
+		{Code: "40004", Msg: "Business Failed", SubCode: "ACQ.SYSTEM_ERROR", SubMsg: "系统错误"},
+		{Code: "20000", Msg: "Service Currently Unavailable", SubCode: "isp.unknow-error"},
+		{},
+	} {
+		alipayTradeFastPayRefundQuery = func(context.Context, *alipay.Client, alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQuery) (*alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQueryRsp, error) {
+			return &alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQueryRsp{Error: rspErr}, nil
+		}
+		provider := &Alipay{client: &alipay.Client{}}
+		resp, err := provider.QueryRefund(context.Background(), payment.RefundQueryRequest{
+			OrderID:     "sub2_7",
+			RefundID:    "sub2_7-refund-1",
+			RequestedAt: time.Now().Add(-24 * time.Hour),
+		})
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("code %q: QueryRefund() = %+v, want error", rspErr.Code, resp)
+		}
+		if rspErr.SubCode != "" && !strings.Contains(err.Error(), string(rspErr.Code)) {
+			t.Fatalf("code %q: error %q should carry the gateway code", rspErr.Code, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAlipayQueryRefundErrorsKeepRefundPending(t *testing.T) {
+	origQuery := alipayTradeFastPayRefundQuery
+	t.Cleanup(func() { alipayTradeFastPayRefundQuery = origQuery })
+
+	calls := 0
+	alipayTradeFastPayRefundQuery = func(context.Context, *alipay.Client, alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQuery) (*alipay.TradeFastPayRefundQueryRsp, error) {
+		calls++
+		return nil, errors.New("ACQ.SYSTEM_ERROR")
+	}
+	provider := &Alipay{client: &alipay.Client{}}
+
+	// 旧版本记录的是支付宝交易号，无法查询退款请求，需人工核实，且不能调用网关。
+	for _, legacyID := range []string{"", "2026101522001", "sub2_7-refund", "sub2_70-refund-1"} {
+		if _, err := provider.QueryRefund(context.Background(), payment.RefundQueryRequest{OrderID: "sub2_7", RefundID: legacyID}); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "verify manually") {
+			t.Fatalf("legacy refund id %q: err = %v", legacyID, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if calls != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("legacy refund ids must not reach the gateway, calls = %d", calls)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := provider.QueryRefund(context.Background(), payment.RefundQueryRequest{OrderID: "sub2_7", RefundID: "sub2_7-refund-1"}); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("gateway error must be returned so the refund stays pending")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/payment/types.go b/backend/internal/payment/types.go
index 6421c4afed..8806f669b1 100644
--- a/backend/internal/payment/types.go
+++ b/backend/internal/payment/types.go
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@
 // registry, load balancing, and shared utilities for the payment subsystem.
 package payment
 
-import "context"
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+)
 
 // PaymentType represents a supported payment method.
 type PaymentType = string
@@ -192,6 +195,8 @@ type RefundQueryRequest struct {
 	OrderID  string
 	RefundID string
 	Amount   string
+	// RequestedAt 为退款进入 pending 的时间；零值表示未知。
+	RequestedAt time.Time
 }
 
 // RefundResponse is returned after a refund request.
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/payment_fulfillment.go b/backend/internal/service/payment_fulfillment.go
index 4c363d3e03..e405ce9840 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/payment_fulfillment.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/payment_fulfillment.go
@@ -218,10 +218,38 @@ func (s *PaymentService) executeFulfillment(ctx context.Context, oid int64) erro
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("get order: %w", err)
 	}
-	if o.OrderType == payment.OrderTypeSubscription {
+	switch o.OrderType {
+	case payment.OrderTypeSubscription:
 		return s.ExecuteSubscriptionFulfillment(ctx, oid)
+	case payment.OrderTypeBalance:
+		return s.ExecuteBalanceFulfillment(ctx, oid)
+	default:
+		// 不支持的订单类型不履约：标记 FAILED 后正常返回，避免支付回调持续 500 重试。
+		s.rejectUnsupportedOrderType(ctx, o)
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func isSupportedPaymentOrderType(orderType string) bool {
+	return orderType == payment.OrderTypeBalance || orderType == payment.OrderTypeSubscription
+}
+
+func (s *PaymentService) rejectUnsupportedOrderType(ctx context.Context, o *dbent.PaymentOrder) {
+	reason := "unsupported order type: " + o.OrderType
+	c, err := s.entClient.PaymentOrder.Update().
+		Where(
+			paymentorder.IDEQ(o.ID),
+			paymentorder.StatusIn(OrderStatusPaid, OrderStatusRecharging),
+		).
+		SetStatus(OrderStatusFailed).SetFailedAt(time.Now()).SetFailedReason(reason).Save(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Error("mark unsupported order type FAILED", "orderID", o.ID, "error", err)
+		return
+	}
+	if c > 0 {
+		slog.Warn("payment order with unsupported order type not fulfilled", "orderID", o.ID, "orderType", o.OrderType)
+		s.writeAuditLog(ctx, o.ID, "FULFILLMENT_FAILED", "system", map[string]any{"reason": reason})
 	}
-	return s.ExecuteBalanceFulfillment(ctx, oid)
 }
 
 func (s *PaymentService) ExecuteBalanceFulfillment(ctx context.Context, oid int64) error {
@@ -229,6 +257,9 @@ func (s *PaymentService) ExecuteBalanceFulfillment(ctx context.Context, oid int6
 	if err != nil {
 		return infraerrors.NotFound("NOT_FOUND", "order not found")
 	}
+	if o.OrderType != payment.OrderTypeBalance {
+		return infraerrors.BadRequest("INVALID_ORDER_TYPE", "order is not a balance order")
+	}
 	if o.Status == OrderStatusCompleted {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -885,6 +916,9 @@ func (s *PaymentService) RetryFulfillment(ctx context.Context, oid int64) error
 	if o.Status != OrderStatusFailed && o.Status != OrderStatusPaid && o.Status != OrderStatusRecharging {
 		return infraerrors.BadRequest("INVALID_STATUS", "only paid, failed, and recoverable recharging orders can retry")
 	}
+	if !isSupportedPaymentOrderType(o.OrderType) {
+		return infraerrors.BadRequest("INVALID_ORDER_TYPE", "unsupported order type")
+	}
 	s.writeAuditLog(ctx, oid, "RECHARGE_RETRY", "admin", map[string]any{"detail": "admin manual retry"})
 	return s.executeFulfillment(ctx, oid)
 }
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/payment_order.go b/backend/internal/service/payment_order.go
index becefc6a1a..3ddd9fec47 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/payment_order.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/payment_order.go
@@ -120,11 +120,16 @@ func (s *PaymentService) CreateOrder(ctx context.Context, req CreateOrderRequest
 }
 
 func (s *PaymentService) validateOrderInput(ctx context.Context, req CreateOrderRequest, cfg *PaymentConfig) (*dbent.SubscriptionPlan, error) {
-	if req.OrderType == payment.OrderTypeBalance && cfg.BalanceDisabled {
-		return nil, infraerrors.Forbidden("BALANCE_PAYMENT_DISABLED", "balance recharge has been disabled")
-	}
-	if req.OrderType == payment.OrderTypeSubscription {
+	// 订单类型必须走白名单：未知类型会跳过充值开关与倍率计算，履约时却仍按余额到账。
+	switch req.OrderType {
+	case payment.OrderTypeBalance:
+		if cfg.BalanceDisabled {
+			return nil, infraerrors.Forbidden("BALANCE_PAYMENT_DISABLED", "balance recharge has been disabled")
+		}
+	case payment.OrderTypeSubscription:
 		return s.validateSubOrder(ctx, req)
+	default:
+		return nil, infraerrors.BadRequest("INVALID_ORDER_TYPE", "unsupported order type")
 	}
 	if math.IsNaN(req.Amount) || math.IsInf(req.Amount, 0) || req.Amount <= 0 {
 		return nil, infraerrors.BadRequest("INVALID_AMOUNT", "amount must be a positive number")
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/payment_order_type_test.go b/backend/internal/service/payment_order_type_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e344db5de4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/service/payment_order_type_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+//go:build unit
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strconv"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent/paymentauditlog"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/payment"
+	infraerrors "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestValidateOrderInputRejectsUnknownOrderType(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := &PaymentService{}
+	for _, orderType := range []string{"x", "Balance", " balance", "subscription "} {
+		for _, disabled := range []bool{false, true} {
+			cfg := &PaymentConfig{BalanceDisabled: disabled}
+			plan, err := svc.validateOrderInput(context.Background(), CreateOrderRequest{OrderType: orderType, Amount: 10}, cfg)
+			require.Nil(t, plan)
+			require.Error(t, err, "order type %q must be rejected", orderType)
+			require.Equal(t, "INVALID_ORDER_TYPE", infraerrors.Reason(err), "order type %q", orderType)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateOrderInputKeepsBalanceDisabledSwitch(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := &PaymentService{}
+	_, err := svc.validateOrderInput(context.Background(), CreateOrderRequest{OrderType: payment.OrderTypeBalance, Amount: 10}, &PaymentConfig{BalanceDisabled: true})
+	require.Equal(t, "BALANCE_PAYMENT_DISABLED", infraerrors.Reason(err))
+
+	plan, err := svc.validateOrderInput(context.Background(), CreateOrderRequest{OrderType: payment.OrderTypeBalance, Amount: 10}, &PaymentConfig{})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, plan)
+}
+
+func TestFulfillmentRejectsUnknownOrderType(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	client := newPaymentConfigServiceTestClient(t)
+	order := createPaymentFulfillmentSubscriptionOrder(t, ctx, client, OrderStatusPaid, time.Now())
+	order, err := client.PaymentOrder.UpdateOneID(order.ID).
+		SetOrderType("x").
+		ClearPlanID().
+		ClearSubscriptionGroupID().
+		ClearSubscriptionDays().
+		Save(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	userRepo := &mockUserRepo{getByIDUser: &User{ID: order.UserID}}
+	userRepo.updateBalanceFn = func(context.Context, int64, float64) error {
+		t.Fatal("unknown order type must not credit balance")
+		return nil
+	}
+	svc := &PaymentService{entClient: client, userRepo: userRepo}
+
+	err = svc.ExecuteBalanceFulfillment(ctx, order.ID)
+	require.Equal(t, "INVALID_ORDER_TYPE", infraerrors.Reason(err))
+
+	// 不履约，但标记 FAILED 并正常返回，使支付回调得到确认而不是无限重试。
+	require.NoError(t, svc.executeFulfillment(ctx, order.ID))
+	reloaded, err := client.PaymentOrder.Get(ctx, order.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, OrderStatusFailed, reloaded.Status)
+	require.NotNil(t, reloaded.FailedReason)
+	require.Contains(t, *reloaded.FailedReason, "unsupported order type")
+
+	// 回调重试经 alreadyProcessed 再次进入履约：幂等，不重复写审计。
+	require.NoError(t, svc.executeFulfillment(ctx, order.ID))
+	audits, err := client.PaymentAuditLog.Query().
+		Where(paymentauditlog.OrderIDEQ(strconv.FormatInt(order.ID, 10)), paymentauditlog.ActionEQ("FULFILLMENT_FAILED")).
+		Count(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, audits)
+
+	err = svc.RetryFulfillment(ctx, order.ID)
+	require.Equal(t, "INVALID_ORDER_TYPE", infraerrors.Reason(err))
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/payment_refund.go b/backend/internal/service/payment_refund.go
index e49c54ec59..d4e313be8a 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/payment_refund.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/payment_refund.go
@@ -210,7 +210,8 @@ func (s *PaymentService) PrepareRefund(ctx context.Context, oid int64, amt float
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, infraerrors.NotFound("NOT_FOUND", "order not found")
 	}
-	ok := []string{OrderStatusCompleted, OrderStatusRefundRequested, OrderStatusRefundPending, OrderStatusRefundFailed}
+	// REFUND_PENDING 只能通过 QueryAndFinalizeRefund 收敛：重新发起会重复扣减并向网关重复退款。
+	ok := []string{OrderStatusCompleted, OrderStatusRefundRequested, OrderStatusRefundFailed}
 	if !psSliceContains(ok, o.Status) {
 		return nil, nil, infraerrors.BadRequest("INVALID_STATUS", "order status does not allow refund")
 	}
@@ -295,8 +296,16 @@ func (s *PaymentService) deductAvailableBalance(ctx context.Context, userID int6
 	return repo.DeductAvailableBalance(ctx, userID, amount)
 }
 
+// invalidateRefundBalanceCache 退款扣减或归还余额后失效计费缓存，否则网关在缓存 TTL 内仍按旧余额放行。
+func (s *PaymentService) invalidateRefundBalanceCache(ctx context.Context, userID int64) {
+	if s.redeemService == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.redeemService.invalidateRedeemCaches(ctx, userID, &RedeemCode{Type: RedeemTypeBalance})
+}
+
 func (s *PaymentService) ExecuteRefund(ctx context.Context, p *RefundPlan) (*RefundResult, error) {
-	c, err := s.entClient.PaymentOrder.Update().Where(paymentorder.IDEQ(p.OrderID), paymentorder.StatusIn(OrderStatusCompleted, OrderStatusRefundRequested, OrderStatusRefundPending, OrderStatusRefundFailed)).SetStatus(OrderStatusRefunding).Save(ctx)
+	c, err := s.entClient.PaymentOrder.Update().Where(paymentorder.IDEQ(p.OrderID), paymentorder.StatusIn(OrderStatusCompleted, OrderStatusRefundRequested, OrderStatusRefundFailed)).SetStatus(OrderStatusRefunding).Save(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("lock: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -313,6 +322,7 @@ func (s *PaymentService) ExecuteRefund(ctx context.Context, p *RefundPlan) (*Ref
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("deduction: %w", err)
 			}
 			p.BalanceToDeduct = deducted
+			s.invalidateRefundBalanceCache(ctx, p.Order.UserID)
 		} else {
 			slog.Warn("skipping balance deduction on retry (previous rollback failed)", "orderID", p.OrderID)
 			p.BalanceToDeduct = 0
@@ -436,31 +446,37 @@ func (s *PaymentService) QueryAndFinalizeRefund(ctx context.Context, oid int64)
 		return nil, infraerrors.BadRequest("REFUND_QUERY_UNSUPPORTED", "this payment provider does not support refund status query; please verify manually")
 	}
 
-	pendingDetail := s.latestRefundPendingDetail(ctx, oid)
+	pendingDetail, err := s.latestRefundPendingDetail(ctx, oid)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	finishProviderCall := servertiming.ObserveDependency(ctx, "payment")
 	resp, err := queryProvider.QueryRefund(ctx, payment.RefundQueryRequest{
-		TradeNo:  o.PaymentTradeNo,
-		OrderID:  o.OutTradeNo,
-		RefundID: pendingDetail.RefundID,
-		Amount:   formatGatewayRefundAmount(o.RefundAmount, o),
+		TradeNo:     o.PaymentTradeNo,
+		OrderID:     o.OutTradeNo,
+		RefundID:    pendingDetail.RefundID,
+		Amount:      formatGatewayRefundAmount(o.RefundAmount, o),
+		RequestedAt: pendingDetail.requestedAt,
 	})
 	finishProviderCall()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query refund: %w", err)
 	}
-	if err := validateRefundProviderResponse(resp); err != nil {
-		return s.finalizeRefundFailed(ctx, o, err)
-	}
-
 	plan := s.refundFinalizePlan(o)
-	if !pendingDetail.DeductionRollbackOK {
+	switch {
+	case pendingDetail.DeductionHeld:
+		pendingDetail.applyTo(plan)
+	case !pendingDetail.DeductionRollbackOK:
 		plan.BalanceToDeduct = 0
 		plan.SubDaysToDeduct = 0
-	} else if o.OrderType == payment.OrderTypeSubscription {
+	case o.OrderType == payment.OrderTypeSubscription:
 		if early := s.prepDeduct(ctx, o, plan, true); early != nil {
 			return early, nil
 		}
 	}
+	if err := validateRefundProviderResponse(resp); err != nil {
+		return s.finalizeRefundFailed(ctx, plan, err)
+	}
 	switch strings.TrimSpace(resp.Status) {
 	case payment.ProviderStatusSuccess, payment.ProviderStatusRefunded:
 		return s.finalizePendingRefundSuccess(ctx, plan)
@@ -468,7 +484,7 @@ func (s *PaymentService) QueryAndFinalizeRefund(ctx context.Context, oid int64)
 		s.writeAuditLog(ctx, oid, "REFUND_QUERY_PENDING", "admin", map[string]any{"refundID": resp.RefundID})
 		return &RefundResult{Success: false, Warning: "gateway refund is still pending confirmation"}, nil
 	default:
-		return s.finalizeRefundFailed(ctx, o, fmt.Errorf("payment refund returned unknown status: %s", strings.TrimSpace(resp.Status)))
+		return s.finalizeRefundFailed(ctx, plan, fmt.Errorf("payment refund returned unknown status: %s", strings.TrimSpace(resp.Status)))
 	}
 }
 
@@ -505,6 +521,9 @@ func (s *PaymentService) finalizePendingRefundSuccess(ctx context.Context, p *Re
 	if err = tx.Commit(); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("commit refund finalization: %w", err)
 	}
+	if !p.deductionHeld && p.DeductionType == payment.DeductionTypeBalance && p.BalanceToDeduct > 0 {
+		s.invalidateRefundBalanceCache(ctx, p.Order.UserID)
+	}
 	return result, nil
 }
 
@@ -533,6 +552,10 @@ func (s *PaymentService) refundFinalizePlan(o *dbent.PaymentOrder) *RefundPlan {
 }
 
 func (s *PaymentService) applyRefundFinalDeduction(ctx context.Context, p *RefundPlan) error {
+	if p.deductionHeld {
+		// 进入 pending 时扣减已保留，终态成功无需再扣。
+		return nil
+	}
 	if p.DeductionType == payment.DeductionTypeBalance && p.BalanceToDeduct > 0 {
 		deducted, err := s.deductAvailableBalance(ctx, p.Order.UserID, p.BalanceToDeduct)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -554,30 +577,164 @@ func (s *PaymentService) applyRefundFinalDeduction(ctx context.Context, p *Refun
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *PaymentService) finalizeRefundFailed(ctx context.Context, o *dbent.PaymentOrder, gErr error) (*RefundResult, error) {
-	now := time.Now()
-	_, _ = s.entClient.PaymentOrder.UpdateOneID(o.ID).SetStatus(OrderStatusRefundFailed).SetFailedAt(now).SetFailedReason(psErrMsg(gErr)).Save(ctx)
-	s.writeAuditLog(ctx, o.ID, "REFUND_FAILED", "admin", map[string]any{"detail": psErrMsg(gErr)})
-	return &RefundResult{Success: false, Warning: "gateway refund failed: " + psErrMsg(gErr)}, nil
+// finalizeRefundFailed 将 REFUND_PENDING 收敛为 REFUND_FAILED，并归还进入 pending 时保留的扣减。
+// 认领状态、归还扣减与审计在同一事务内完成：两者分开提交时，进程在中间退出会留下
+// 已失败但扣减未归还、且没有 REFUND_ROLLBACK_FAILED 标记的订单，重试退款会再扣一次。
+func (s *PaymentService) finalizeRefundFailed(ctx context.Context, p *RefundPlan, gErr error) (*RefundResult, error) {
+	warning := "gateway refund failed: " + psErrMsg(gErr)
+	returnErr, err := s.finalizeRefundFailedTx(ctx, p, gErr, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if returnErr == nil {
+		if p.deductionHeld && p.DeductionType == payment.DeductionTypeBalance && p.BalanceToDeduct > 0 {
+			s.invalidateRefundBalanceCache(ctx, p.Order.UserID)
+		}
+		return &RefundResult{Success: false, Warning: warning}, nil
+	}
+
+	// 归还失败（整个事务已回滚，订单仍为 REFUND_PENDING）：仍收敛为 REFUND_FAILED，
+	// 并同事务写入 REFUND_ROLLBACK_FAILED，使重试退款跳过扣减，避免二次扣减。
+	slog.Error("[CRITICAL] refund failed but held deduction could not be returned", "orderID", p.OrderID, "error", returnErr)
+	if _, err := s.finalizeRefundFailedTx(ctx, p, gErr, returnErr); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &RefundResult{Success: false, Warning: warning + "; refund deduction rollback failed"}, nil
 }
 
+// finalizeRefundFailedTx 在单个事务内认领 REFUND_PENDING → REFUND_FAILED。rollbackErr 为 nil 时同事务
+// 归还保留的扣减，归还失败则回滚整个事务并通过 returnErr 返回；rollbackErr 非 nil 时不再归还，
+// 改为同事务记录 REFUND_ROLLBACK_FAILED。
+func (s *PaymentService) finalizeRefundFailedTx(ctx context.Context, p *RefundPlan, gErr, rollbackErr error) (returnErr error, err error) {
+	tx, err := s.entClient.Tx(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("begin refund failure finalization: %w", err)
+	}
+	committed := false
+	defer func() {
+		if !committed {
+			_ = tx.Rollback()
+		}
+	}()
+	txCtx := dbent.NewTxContext(ctx, tx)
+
+	claimed, err := tx.PaymentOrder.Update().
+		Where(paymentorder.IDEQ(p.OrderID), paymentorder.StatusEQ(OrderStatusRefundPending)).
+		SetStatus(OrderStatusRefundFailed).
+		SetFailedAt(time.Now()).
+		SetFailedReason(psErrMsg(gErr)).
+		Save(txCtx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("mark refund failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	if claimed == 0 {
+		return nil, infraerrors.Conflict("CONFLICT", "order status changed")
+	}
+
+	if p.deductionHeld && rollbackErr == nil {
+		if err := s.returnHeldRefundDeduction(txCtx, p); err != nil {
+			return err, nil
+		}
+	}
+	if rollbackErr != nil {
+		if err := createPaymentAuditLogTx(txCtx, tx.Client(), p.OrderID, "REFUND_ROLLBACK_FAILED", map[string]any{
+			"gatewayError":    psErrMsg(gErr),
+			"rollbackError":   psErrMsg(rollbackErr),
+			"balanceDeducted": p.BalanceToDeduct,
+			"subDaysDeducted": p.SubDaysToDeduct,
+		}); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	if err := createPaymentAuditLogTx(txCtx, tx.Client(), p.OrderID, "REFUND_FAILED", map[string]any{"detail": psErrMsg(gErr)}); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("commit refund failure finalization: %w", err)
+	}
+	committed = true
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// returnHeldRefundDeduction 归还进入 REFUND_PENDING 时保留的扣减；ctx 携带事务时随事务提交或回滚。
+func (s *PaymentService) returnHeldRefundDeduction(ctx context.Context, p *RefundPlan) error {
+	if p.DeductionType == payment.DeductionTypeBalance && p.BalanceToDeduct > 0 {
+		if err := s.userRepo.UpdateBalance(ctx, p.Order.UserID, p.BalanceToDeduct); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("return held balance deduction: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	if p.DeductionType == payment.DeductionTypeSubscription && p.SubDaysToDeduct > 0 && p.SubscriptionID > 0 {
+		if _, err := s.subscriptionSvc.ExtendSubscription(ctx, p.SubscriptionID, p.SubDaysToDeduct); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("return held subscription deduction: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func createPaymentAuditLogTx(ctx context.Context, client *dbent.Client, oid int64, action string, detail map[string]any) error {
+	raw, err := json.Marshal(detail)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("marshal %s audit: %w", action, err)
+	}
+	if _, err := client.PaymentAuditLog.Create().
+		SetOrderID(strconv.FormatInt(oid, 10)).
+		SetAction(action).
+		SetDetail(string(raw)).
+		SetOperator("admin").
+		Save(ctx); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("write %s audit: %w", action, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// refundPendingAuditDetail 记录在 REFUND_PENDING 审计日志中。DeductionHeld 为 true 表示
+// 进入 pending 时扣减被保留；旧记录没有该字段，扣减已在 pending 时归还（DeductionRollbackOK）。
 type refundPendingAuditDetail struct {
-	RefundID            string `json:"refundID"`
-	DeductionRollbackOK bool   `json:"deductionRollbackOK"`
+	RefundID            string  `json:"refundID"`
+	RefundAmount        float64 `json:"refundAmount"`
+	Reason              string  `json:"reason"`
+	Force               bool    `json:"force"`
+	DeductionRollbackOK bool    `json:"deductionRollbackOK,omitempty"`
+	DeductionHeld       bool    `json:"deductionHeld,omitempty"`
+	DeductionType       string  `json:"deductionType,omitempty"`
+	BalanceDeducted     float64 `json:"balanceDeducted"`
+	SubDaysDeducted     int     `json:"subDaysDeducted"`
+	SubscriptionID      int64   `json:"subscriptionID,omitempty"`
+	// requestedAt 取自审计记录的创建时间，不参与序列化。
+	requestedAt time.Time
 }
 
-func (s *PaymentService) latestRefundPendingDetail(ctx context.Context, oid int64) refundPendingAuditDetail {
+func (d refundPendingAuditDetail) applyTo(p *RefundPlan) {
+	p.deductionHeld = true
+	p.DeductionType = d.DeductionType
+	if p.DeductionType == "" {
+		p.DeductionType = payment.DeductionTypeNone
+	}
+	p.BalanceToDeduct = d.BalanceDeducted
+	p.SubDaysToDeduct = d.SubDaysDeducted
+	p.SubscriptionID = d.SubscriptionID
+}
+
+// latestRefundPendingDetail 读取最近一次 REFUND_PENDING 审计。没有记录视为旧订单（扣减已在
+// pending 时归还）；读取或解析失败必须返回错误：误判为旧记录会让保留的扣减被重复扣减或不再归还。
+func (s *PaymentService) latestRefundPendingDetail(ctx context.Context, oid int64) (refundPendingAuditDetail, error) {
+	detail := refundPendingAuditDetail{DeductionRollbackOK: true}
 	logEntry, err := s.entClient.PaymentAuditLog.Query().
 		Where(paymentauditlog.OrderIDEQ(strconv.FormatInt(oid, 10)), paymentauditlog.ActionEQ("REFUND_PENDING")).
-		Order(paymentauditlog.ByCreatedAt(sql.OrderDesc())).
+		Order(paymentauditlog.ByCreatedAt(sql.OrderDesc()), paymentauditlog.ByID(sql.OrderDesc())).
 		First(ctx)
-	if err != nil || logEntry == nil {
-		return refundPendingAuditDetail{DeductionRollbackOK: true}
+	if err != nil {
+		if dbent.IsNotFound(err) {
+			return detail, nil
+		}
+		return refundPendingAuditDetail{}, fmt.Errorf("load refund pending audit: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(logEntry.Detail), &detail); err != nil {
+		return refundPendingAuditDetail{}, fmt.Errorf("parse refund pending audit: %w", err)
 	}
-	detail := refundPendingAuditDetail{DeductionRollbackOK: true}
-	_ = json.Unmarshal([]byte(logEntry.Detail), &detail)
 	detail.RefundID = strings.TrimSpace(detail.RefundID)
-	return detail
+	detail.requestedAt = logEntry.CreatedAt
+	return detail, nil
 }
 
 // getRefundProvider creates a provider using the order's original instance config.
@@ -644,16 +801,36 @@ func (s *PaymentService) markRefundOkTx(ctx context.Context, client *dbent.Clien
 	return &RefundResult{Success: true, BalanceDeducted: p.BalanceToDeduct, SubDaysDeducted: p.SubDaysToDeduct}, nil
 }
 
-func (s *PaymentService) markRefundPending(ctx context.Context, p *RefundPlan, resp *payment.RefundResponse) (*RefundResult, error) {
-	balanceDeducted := p.BalanceToDeduct
-	subDaysDeducted := p.SubDaysToDeduct
-	rollbackOK := s.RollbackRefund(ctx, p, nil)
-	if rollbackOK {
-		p.BalanceToDeduct = 0
-		p.SubDaysToDeduct = 0
+// markRefundPending 在网关未给出终态时保留已执行的扣减：若此时归还，用户可在 pending 期间
+// 消费这部分余额，终态成功时只能扣到剩余余额。网关确认失败后由 finalizeRefundFailed 归还。
+// 订单状态与审计记录同事务写入，确保终态收敛时能读到保留的扣减。
+func (s *PaymentService) markRefundPending(ctx context.Context, p *RefundPlan, resp *payment.RefundResponse) (_ *RefundResult, err error) {
+	detail, err := json.Marshal(refundPendingAuditDetail{
+		RefundID:        refundResponseID(resp),
+		RefundAmount:    p.RefundAmount,
+		Reason:          p.Reason,
+		Force:           p.Force,
+		DeductionHeld:   true,
+		DeductionType:   p.DeductionType,
+		BalanceDeducted: p.BalanceToDeduct,
+		SubDaysDeducted: p.SubDaysToDeduct,
+		SubscriptionID:  p.SubscriptionID,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("marshal refund pending audit: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	_, err := s.entClient.PaymentOrder.UpdateOneID(p.OrderID).
+	tx, err := s.entClient.Tx(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("begin mark refund pending: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err != nil {
+			_ = tx.Rollback()
+			slog.Error("[CRITICAL] gateway refund pending but order not marked", "orderID", p.OrderID, "error", err)
+		}
+	}()
+	_, err = tx.PaymentOrder.UpdateOneID(p.OrderID).
 		SetStatus(OrderStatusRefundPending).
 		SetRefundAmount(p.RefundAmount).
 		SetRefundReason(p.Reason).
@@ -665,25 +842,18 @@ func (s *PaymentService) markRefundPending(ctx context.Context, p *RefundPlan, r
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("mark refund pending: %w", err)
 	}
-
-	detail := map[string]any{
-		"refundID":            refundResponseID(resp),
-		"refundAmount":        p.RefundAmount,
-		"reason":              p.Reason,
-		"force":               p.Force,
-		"balanceDeducted":     p.BalanceToDeduct,
-		"subDaysDeducted":     p.SubDaysToDeduct,
-		"balanceRolledBack":   balanceDeducted,
-		"subDaysRolledBack":   subDaysDeducted,
-		"deductionRollbackOK": rollbackOK,
+	if _, err = tx.PaymentAuditLog.Create().
+		SetOrderID(strconv.FormatInt(p.OrderID, 10)).
+		SetAction("REFUND_PENDING").
+		SetDetail(string(detail)).
+		SetOperator("admin").
+		Save(ctx); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("write refund pending audit: %w", err)
 	}
-	s.writeAuditLog(ctx, p.OrderID, "REFUND_PENDING", "admin", detail)
-
-	warning := "gateway refund is pending confirmation"
-	if !rollbackOK {
-		warning += "; refund deduction rollback failed"
+	if err = tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("commit mark refund pending: %w", err)
 	}
-	return &RefundResult{Success: false, Warning: warning}, nil
+	return &RefundResult{Success: false, Warning: "gateway refund is pending confirmation"}, nil
 }
 
 func refundResponseID(resp *payment.RefundResponse) string {
@@ -700,6 +870,7 @@ func (s *PaymentService) RollbackRefund(ctx context.Context, p *RefundPlan, gErr
 			s.writeAuditLog(ctx, p.OrderID, "REFUND_ROLLBACK_FAILED", "admin", map[string]any{"gatewayError": psErrMsg(gErr), "rollbackError": psErrMsg(err), "balanceDeducted": p.BalanceToDeduct})
 			return false
 		}
+		s.invalidateRefundBalanceCache(ctx, p.Order.UserID)
 	}
 	if p.DeductionType == payment.DeductionTypeSubscription && p.SubDaysToDeduct > 0 && p.SubscriptionID > 0 {
 		if _, err := s.subscriptionSvc.ExtendSubscription(ctx, p.SubscriptionID, p.SubDaysToDeduct); err != nil {
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/payment_refund_pending_hold_test.go b/backend/internal/service/payment_refund_pending_hold_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae09957e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/service/payment_refund_pending_hold_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+//go:build unit
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"math"
+	"strconv"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	dbent "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent/paymentauditlog"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/payment"
+	infraerrors "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type pendingRefundProviderTestDouble struct {
+	refundProviderTestDouble
+	queryStatus string
+	refundCalls int
+}
+
+func (p *pendingRefundProviderTestDouble) Refund(context.Context, payment.RefundRequest) (*payment.RefundResponse, error) {
+	p.refundCalls++
+	return &payment.RefundResponse{RefundID: "rf_hold", Status: payment.ProviderStatusPending}, nil
+}
+
+func (p *pendingRefundProviderTestDouble) QueryRefund(context.Context, payment.RefundQueryRequest) (*payment.RefundResponse, error) {
+	return &payment.RefundResponse{RefundID: "rf_hold", Status: p.queryStatus}, nil
+}
+
+// refundHoldWallet 模拟用户余额：DeductAvailableBalance 只能扣到当前余额。
+type refundHoldWallet struct {
+	balance      float64
+	deductCalls  int
+	restoreCalls int
+}
+
+func (w *refundHoldWallet) repo(userID int64) *mockUserRepo {
+	return &mockUserRepo{
+		getByIDUser: &User{ID: userID, Balance: w.balance},
+		deductAvailableBalanceFn: func(_ context.Context, _ int64, amount float64) (float64, error) {
+			w.deductCalls++
+			deducted := math.Min(amount, math.Max(w.balance, 0))
+			w.balance -= deducted
+			return deducted, nil
+		},
+		updateBalanceFn: func(_ context.Context, _ int64, amount float64) error {
+			w.restoreCalls++
+			w.balance += amount
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRefundPendingKeepsBalanceDeductedUntilGatewaySettles(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name        string
+		queryStatus string
+		wantStatus  string
+		wantBalance float64
+		wantRestore int
+	}{
+		{name: "gateway succeeds", queryStatus: payment.ProviderStatusSuccess, wantStatus: OrderStatusRefunded, wantBalance: 0},
+		{name: "gateway fails", queryStatus: payment.ProviderStatusFailed, wantStatus: OrderStatusRefundFailed, wantBalance: 100, wantRestore: 1},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			ctx := context.Background()
+			client := newPaymentConfigServiceTestClient(t)
+			order := createCompletedRefundableOrderForTest(t, ctx, client, "hold-flow")
+
+			wallet := &refundHoldWallet{balance: 100}
+			prov := &pendingRefundProviderTestDouble{queryStatus: tc.queryStatus}
+			restore := replacePaymentProviderFactoryForTest(t, prov)
+			defer restore()
+			svc := &PaymentService{entClient: client, loadBalancer: &captureLoadBalancer{}, userRepo: wallet.repo(order.UserID)}
+
+			plan, early, err := svc.PrepareRefund(ctx, order.ID, 0, "user asked", false, true)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Nil(t, early)
+			result, err := svc.ExecuteRefund(ctx, plan)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.False(t, result.Success)
+			require.Contains(t, result.Warning, "pending confirmation")
+
+			// pending 期间余额必须保持扣减，否则用户可先消费再等网关退款成功。
+			require.Zero(t, wallet.balance)
+			require.Zero(t, wallet.restoreCalls)
+			reloaded, err := client.PaymentOrder.Get(ctx, order.ID)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, OrderStatusRefundPending, reloaded.Status)
+
+			// pending 订单不能再次发起退款（会重复扣减并重复调用网关）。
+			_, _, err = svc.PrepareRefund(ctx, order.ID, 0, "again", true, true)
+			require.Equal(t, "INVALID_STATUS", infraerrors.Reason(err))
+
+			result, err = svc.QueryAndFinalizeRefund(ctx, order.ID)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, tc.queryStatus == payment.ProviderStatusSuccess, result.Success)
+			if result.Success {
+				require.Equal(t, 100.0, result.BalanceDeducted)
+			}
+			require.Equal(t, 1, wallet.deductCalls, "held deduction must not be applied twice")
+			require.Equal(t, tc.wantRestore, wallet.restoreCalls)
+			require.Equal(t, tc.wantBalance, wallet.balance)
+			require.Equal(t, 1, prov.refundCalls)
+
+			reloaded, err = client.PaymentOrder.Get(ctx, order.ID)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, tc.wantStatus, reloaded.Status)
+
+			_, err = svc.QueryAndFinalizeRefund(ctx, order.ID)
+			require.Equal(t, "INVALID_STATUS", infraerrors.Reason(err))
+			require.Equal(t, tc.wantRestore, wallet.restoreCalls)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFinalizeRefundFailedRestoresHeldDeductionOnce(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	client := newPaymentConfigServiceTestClient(t)
+	order := createPendingRefundOrderWithDetailForTest(t, ctx, client, "hold-failed-once",
+		`{"refundID":"rf_test","deductionHeld":true,"deductionType":"balance","balanceDeducted":60}`)
+
+	wallet := &refundHoldWallet{}
+	svc := &PaymentService{entClient: client, userRepo: wallet.repo(order.UserID)}
+	plan := svc.refundFinalizePlan(order)
+	detail, err := svc.latestRefundPendingDetail(ctx, order.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	detail.applyTo(plan)
+
+	first, err := svc.finalizeRefundFailed(ctx, plan, context.DeadlineExceeded)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.False(t, first.Success)
+	second, err := svc.finalizeRefundFailed(ctx, plan, context.DeadlineExceeded)
+	require.Nil(t, second)
+	require.Equal(t, "CONFLICT", infraerrors.Reason(err))
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, wallet.restoreCalls)
+	require.Equal(t, 60.0, wallet.balance)
+}
+
+func TestQueryAndFinalizeRefundHeldDeductionWithoutBalanceDeduction(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	client := newPaymentConfigServiceTestClient(t)
+	// 管理员选择不扣余额时，终态收敛也不能按旧逻辑补扣。
+	order := createPendingRefundOrderWithDetailForTest(t, ctx, client, "hold-no-deduct",
+		`{"refundID":"rf_test","deductionHeld":true,"deductionType":"none","balanceDeducted":0}`)
+
+	wallet := &refundHoldWallet{balance: 100}
+	restore := replacePaymentProviderFactoryForTest(t, &pendingRefundProviderTestDouble{queryStatus: payment.ProviderStatusSuccess})
+	defer restore()
+	svc := &PaymentService{entClient: client, loadBalancer: &captureLoadBalancer{}, userRepo: wallet.repo(order.UserID)}
+
+	result, err := svc.QueryAndFinalizeRefund(ctx, order.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, result.Success)
+	require.Zero(t, wallet.deductCalls)
+	require.Equal(t, 100.0, wallet.balance)
+}
+
+type successRefundProviderTestDouble struct {
+	refundProviderTestDouble
+	refundCalls int
+}
+
+func (p *successRefundProviderTestDouble) Refund(context.Context, payment.RefundRequest) (*payment.RefundResponse, error) {
+	p.refundCalls++
+	return &payment.RefundResponse{RefundID: "rf_retry", Status: payment.ProviderStatusSuccess}, nil
+}
+
+func countRefundAuditsForTest(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, client *dbent.Client, orderID int64, action string) int {
+	t.Helper()
+	n, err := client.PaymentAuditLog.Query().
+		Where(paymentauditlog.OrderIDEQ(strconv.FormatInt(orderID, 10)), paymentauditlog.ActionEQ(action)).
+		Count(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return n
+}
+
+func TestFinalizeRefundFailedRecordsRollbackFailureWhenHeldDeductionCannotBeReturned(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	client := newPaymentConfigServiceTestClient(t)
+	order := createPendingRefundOrderWithDetailForTest(t, ctx, client, "hold-return-fails",
+		`{"refundID":"rf_test","deductionHeld":true,"deductionType":"balance","balanceDeducted":60}`)
+
+	wallet := &refundHoldWallet{balance: 40}
+	repo := wallet.repo(order.UserID)
+	repo.updateBalanceFn = func(context.Context, int64, float64) error {
+		wallet.restoreCalls++
+		return errors.New("db unavailable")
+	}
+	restore := replacePaymentProviderFactoryForTest(t, &pendingRefundProviderTestDouble{queryStatus: payment.ProviderStatusFailed})
+	defer restore()
+	svc := &PaymentService{entClient: client, loadBalancer: &captureLoadBalancer{}, userRepo: repo}
+
+	result, err := svc.QueryAndFinalizeRefund(ctx, order.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.False(t, result.Success)
+	require.Contains(t, result.Warning, "refund deduction rollback failed")
+	require.Equal(t, 1, wallet.restoreCalls)
+	require.Equal(t, 40.0, wallet.balance)
+
+	reloaded, err := client.PaymentOrder.Get(ctx, order.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, OrderStatusRefundFailed, reloaded.Status)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, countRefundAuditsForTest(t, ctx, client, order.ID, "REFUND_ROLLBACK_FAILED"))
+	require.Equal(t, 1, countRefundAuditsForTest(t, ctx, client, order.ID, "REFUND_FAILED"))
+
+	// 扣减仍被保留：重试退款必须跳过扣减，否则同一笔退款会扣两次。
+	retryProvider := &successRefundProviderTestDouble{}
+	restoreRetry := replacePaymentProviderFactoryForTest(t, retryProvider)
+	defer restoreRetry()
+	plan, early, err := svc.PrepareRefund(ctx, order.ID, 0, "retry", true, true)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, early)
+	retried, err := svc.ExecuteRefund(ctx, plan)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, retried.Success)
+	require.Zero(t, wallet.deductCalls)
+	require.Equal(t, 40.0, wallet.balance)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, retryProvider.refundCalls)
+}
+
+func TestFinalizeRefundFailedReturnsHeldDeductionAtomically(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	client := newPaymentConfigServiceTestClient(t)
+	order := createPendingRefundOrderWithDetailForTest(t, ctx, client, "hold-return-atomic",
+		`{"refundID":"rf_test","deductionHeld":true,"deductionType":"balance","balanceDeducted":60}`)
+
+	wallet := &refundHoldWallet{}
+	restore := replacePaymentProviderFactoryForTest(t, &pendingRefundProviderTestDouble{queryStatus: payment.ProviderStatusFailed})
+	defer restore()
+	svc := &PaymentService{entClient: client, loadBalancer: &captureLoadBalancer{}, userRepo: wallet.repo(order.UserID)}
+
+	result, err := svc.QueryAndFinalizeRefund(ctx, order.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.False(t, result.Success)
+	require.NotContains(t, result.Warning, "rollback failed")
+	require.Equal(t, 1, wallet.restoreCalls)
+	require.Equal(t, 60.0, wallet.balance)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, countRefundAuditsForTest(t, ctx, client, order.ID, "REFUND_FAILED"))
+	require.Zero(t, countRefundAuditsForTest(t, ctx, client, order.ID, "REFUND_ROLLBACK_FAILED"))
+}
+
+func TestQueryAndFinalizeRefundRejectsUnreadablePendingAudit(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	client := newPaymentConfigServiceTestClient(t)
+	// 审计无法解析时不能退化为旧逻辑：成功会二次扣减，失败会吞掉保留的扣减。
+	order := createPendingRefundOrderWithDetailForTest(t, ctx, client, "hold-bad-audit", `not-json`)
+
+	for _, queryStatus := range []string{payment.ProviderStatusSuccess, payment.ProviderStatusFailed} {
+		wallet := &refundHoldWallet{balance: 100}
+		restore := replacePaymentProviderFactoryForTest(t, &pendingRefundProviderTestDouble{queryStatus: queryStatus})
+		svc := &PaymentService{entClient: client, loadBalancer: &captureLoadBalancer{}, userRepo: wallet.repo(order.UserID)}
+
+		result, err := svc.QueryAndFinalizeRefund(ctx, order.ID)
+		restore()
+		require.Error(t, err, queryStatus)
+		require.Nil(t, result)
+		require.Zero(t, wallet.deductCalls)
+		require.Zero(t, wallet.restoreCalls)
+		require.Equal(t, 100.0, wallet.balance)
+	}
+
+	reloaded, err := client.PaymentOrder.Get(ctx, order.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, OrderStatusRefundPending, reloaded.Status)
+}
+
+func createCompletedRefundableOrderForTest(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, client *dbent.Client, suffix string) *dbent.PaymentOrder {
+	t.Helper()
+	user, err := client.User.Create().
+		SetEmail(suffix + "@example.com").
+		SetPasswordHash("hash").
+		SetUsername(suffix).
+		Save(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	inst, err := client.PaymentProviderInstance.Create().
+		SetProviderKey(payment.TypeStripe).
+		SetName(suffix + "-provider").
+		SetConfig("{}").
+		SetSupportedTypes("stripe").
+		SetEnabled(true).
+		SetRefundEnabled(true).
+		Save(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	order, err := client.PaymentOrder.Create().
+		SetUserID(user.ID).
+		SetUserEmail(user.Email).
+		SetUserName(user.Username).
+		SetAmount(100).
+		SetPayAmount(100).
+		SetFeeRate(0).
+		SetRechargeCode("REFUND-" + suffix).
+		SetOutTradeNo("sub2_" + suffix).
+		SetPaymentType(payment.TypeStripe).
+		SetPaymentTradeNo("pi_" + suffix).
+		SetOrderType(payment.OrderTypeBalance).
+		SetStatus(OrderStatusCompleted).
+		SetExpiresAt(time.Now().Add(time.Hour)).
+		SetPaidAt(time.Now()).
+		SetClientIP("127.0.0.1").
+		SetSrcHost("api.example.com").
+		SetProviderInstanceID(strconv.FormatInt(inst.ID, 10)).
+		Save(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return order
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/payment_refund_test.go b/backend/internal/service/payment_refund_test.go
index 8a534e473e..834c7f4571 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/payment_refund_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/payment_refund_test.go
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ func TestValidateRefundProviderResponseAcceptsPending(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Error(t, validateRefundProviderResponse(nil))
 }
 
-func TestFinishRefundPendingMarksOrderPendingAndRollsBackDeduction(t *testing.T) {
+func TestFinishRefundPendingMarksOrderPendingAndHoldsDeduction(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	client := newPaymentConfigServiceTestClient(t)
 
@@ -357,8 +357,8 @@ func TestFinishRefundPendingMarksOrderPendingAndRollsBackDeduction(t *testing.T)
 	require.NotNil(t, result)
 	require.False(t, result.Success)
 	require.Contains(t, result.Warning, "pending confirmation")
-	require.Equal(t, 40.0, rolledBack)
-	require.Zero(t, plan.BalanceToDeduct)
+	require.Zero(t, rolledBack, "deduction must stay held while the gateway refund is pending")
+	require.Equal(t, 40.0, plan.BalanceToDeduct)
 
 	reloaded, err := client.PaymentOrder.Get(ctx, order.ID)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -373,6 +373,11 @@ func TestFinishRefundPendingMarksOrderPendingAndRollsBackDeduction(t *testing.T)
 		Count(ctx)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, pendingAudits)
+	detail, err := svc.latestRefundPendingDetail(ctx, order.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, detail.DeductionHeld)
+	require.Equal(t, payment.DeductionTypeBalance, detail.DeductionType)
+	require.Equal(t, 40.0, detail.BalanceDeducted)
 	successAudits, err := client.PaymentAuditLog.Query().
 		Where(paymentauditlog.OrderIDEQ(strconv.FormatInt(order.ID, 10)), paymentauditlog.ActionEQ("REFUND_SUCCESS")).
 		Count(ctx)
@@ -502,6 +507,26 @@ func TestQueryAndFinalizeRefundFinalizesProviderStatuses(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestQueryAndFinalizeRefundPassesPendingAuditTimeToProvider(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	client := newPaymentConfigServiceTestClient(t)
+	order := createPendingRefundOrderForTest(t, ctx, client, "query-requested-at")
+	pendingAudit, err := client.PaymentAuditLog.Query().
+		Where(paymentauditlog.OrderIDEQ(strconv.FormatInt(order.ID, 10)), paymentauditlog.ActionEQ("REFUND_PENDING")).
+		Only(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	svc := &PaymentService{entClient: client, loadBalancer: &captureLoadBalancer{}, userRepo: &mockUserRepo{}}
+	prov := &refundQueryProviderTestDouble{refundResponse: &payment.RefundResponse{RefundID: "rf_test", Status: payment.ProviderStatusPending}}
+	restore := replacePaymentProviderFactoryForTest(t, prov)
+	defer restore()
+
+	_, err = svc.QueryAndFinalizeRefund(ctx, order.ID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "rf_test", prov.lastQuery.RefundID)
+	require.True(t, pendingAudit.CreatedAt.Equal(prov.lastQuery.RequestedAt), "RequestedAt = %v, want %v", prov.lastQuery.RequestedAt, pendingAudit.CreatedAt)
+}
+
 func TestFinalizePendingRefundSuccessRejectsStaleCallerBeforeSecondDeduction(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	client := newPaymentConfigServiceTestClient(t)
@@ -586,6 +611,11 @@ func TestQueryAndFinalizeRefundUnsupportedProviderReturnsClearError(t *testing.T
 
 func createPendingRefundOrderForTest(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, client *dbent.Client, suffix string) *dbent.PaymentOrder {
 	t.Helper()
+	return createPendingRefundOrderWithDetailForTest(t, ctx, client, suffix, `{"refundID":"rf_test","deductionRollbackOK":true}`)
+}
+
+func createPendingRefundOrderWithDetailForTest(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, client *dbent.Client, suffix, pendingDetail string) *dbent.PaymentOrder {
+	t.Helper()
 
 	user, err := client.User.Create().
 		SetEmail(suffix + "@example.com").
@@ -631,7 +661,7 @@ func createPendingRefundOrderForTest(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, client *
 		SetOrderID(strconv.FormatInt(order.ID, 10)).
 		SetAction("REFUND_PENDING").
 		SetOperator("admin").
-		SetDetail(`{"refundID":"rf_test","deductionRollbackOK":true}`).
+		SetDetail(pendingDetail).
 		Save(ctx)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	return order
@@ -671,8 +701,10 @@ func (refundProviderTestDouble) Refund(context.Context, payment.RefundRequest) (
 type refundQueryProviderTestDouble struct {
 	refundProviderTestDouble
 	refundResponse *payment.RefundResponse
+	lastQuery      payment.RefundQueryRequest
 }
 
-func (p *refundQueryProviderTestDouble) QueryRefund(context.Context, payment.RefundQueryRequest) (*payment.RefundResponse, error) {
+func (p *refundQueryProviderTestDouble) QueryRefund(_ context.Context, req payment.RefundQueryRequest) (*payment.RefundResponse, error) {
+	p.lastQuery = req
 	return p.refundResponse, nil
 }
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/payment_service.go b/backend/internal/service/payment_service.go
index dae1a7d938..41276d6251 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/payment_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/payment_service.go
@@ -134,6 +134,8 @@ type RefundPlan struct {
 	BalanceToDeduct float64
 	SubDaysToDeduct int
 	SubscriptionID  int64
+	// deductionHeld 表示扣减已在进入 REFUND_PENDING 前执行并保留，终态收敛时不再重复扣减。
+	deductionHeld bool
 }
 
 type RefundResult struct {
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/user/PaymentView.vue b/frontend/src/views/user/PaymentView.vue
index 4727e1602b..4e64af2efa 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/user/PaymentView.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/user/PaymentView.vue
@@ -874,7 +874,6 @@ async function createOrder(orderAmount: number, orderType: OrderType, planId?: n
         path: '/payment/stripe',
         query: {
           order_id: String(result.order_id),
-          client_secret: result.client_secret,
           method: stripeMethod || undefined,
           resume_token: result.resume_token || undefined,
         },
@@ -1082,7 +1081,6 @@ async function attemptMobileQrFallback(err: unknown, context: MobileQrFallbackCo
         path: '/payment/stripe',
         query: {
           order_id: String(result.order_id),
-          client_secret: result.client_secret,
           method: stripeMethod,
           resume_token: result.resume_token || undefined,
         },
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/user/StripePaymentView.vue b/frontend/src/views/user/StripePaymentView.vue
index b845cfac52..2e6a5bbbf7 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/user/StripePaymentView.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/views/user/StripePaymentView.vue
@@ -136,9 +136,14 @@ let redirectTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null
 
 onMounted(async () => {
   const orderId = Number(route.query.order_id)
-  const clientSecret = String(route.query.client_secret || '')
   const method = String(route.query.method || '')
   const resumeToken = typeof route.query.resume_token === 'string' ? route.query.resume_token : undefined
+  // client_secret 只从本浏览器下单时写入的恢复快照读取，且快照订单必须与 URL 订单一致：
+  // 不信任 URL 中的 client_secret，避免页面展示的订单与实际收款的 PaymentIntent 被拼接错绑。
+  const restored = typeof window !== 'undefined'
+    ? readPaymentRecoverySnapshot(window.localStorage.getItem(PAYMENT_RECOVERY_STORAGE_KEY), { resumeToken })
+    : null
+  const clientSecret = orderId && restored?.orderId === orderId ? restored.clientSecret : ''
 
   if (!orderId || !clientSecret) {
     loading.value = false
@@ -147,15 +152,7 @@ onMounted(async () => {
   }
 
   try {
-    if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
-      const restored = readPaymentRecoverySnapshot(
-        window.localStorage.getItem(PAYMENT_RECOVERY_STORAGE_KEY),
-        { resumeToken },
-      )
-      if (restored?.orderId === orderId) {
-        currency.value = normalizePaymentCurrency(restored.currency)
-      }
-    }
+    currency.value = normalizePaymentCurrency(restored?.currency)
     const res = await paymentAPI.getOrder(orderId)
     order.value = res.data
     if (res.data.currency) {
diff --git a/frontend/src/views/user/__tests__/StripePaymentView.spec.ts b/frontend/src/views/user/__tests__/StripePaymentView.spec.ts
index 0d85126a3f..5d2c6a23f0 100644
--- a/frontend/src/views/user/__tests__/StripePaymentView.spec.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/views/user/__tests__/StripePaymentView.spec.ts
@@ -65,6 +65,10 @@ vi.mock('@stripe/stripe-js/pure', () => ({
 
 import StripePaymentView from '../StripePaymentView.vue'
 import { formatPaymentAmount } from '@/components/payment/currency'
+import {
+  PAYMENT_RECOVERY_STORAGE_KEY,
+  type PaymentRecoverySnapshot,
+} from '@/components/payment/paymentFlow'
 import type { PaymentOrder } from '@/types/payment'
 
 function orderFactory(overrides: Partial<PaymentOrder> = {}): PaymentOrder {
@@ -86,6 +90,33 @@ function orderFactory(overrides: Partial<PaymentOrder> = {}): PaymentOrder {
   }
 }
 
+function stripeSnapshot(overrides: Partial<PaymentRecoverySnapshot> = {}): PaymentRecoverySnapshot {
+  return {
+    orderId: 42,
+    amount: 100,
+    qrCode: '',
+    expiresAt: '2099-01-01T00:30:00.000Z',
+    paymentType: 'stripe',
+    payUrl: '/payment/stripe?order_id=42',
+    outTradeNo: 'sub2_stripe_42',
+    clientSecret: 'pi_secret_42',
+    intentId: '',
+    currency: 'CNY',
+    countryCode: '',
+    paymentEnv: '',
+    payAmount: 103,
+    orderType: 'balance',
+    paymentMode: '',
+    resumeToken: '',
+    createdAt: Date.UTC(2099, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0),
+    ...overrides,
+  }
+}
+
+function writeSnapshot(overrides: Partial<PaymentRecoverySnapshot> = {}) {
+  window.localStorage.setItem(PAYMENT_RECOVERY_STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify(stripeSnapshot(overrides)))
+}
+
 function mountView() {
   return shallowMount(StripePaymentView, {
     global: {
@@ -101,7 +132,6 @@ describe('StripePaymentView', () => {
   beforeEach(() => {
     routeState.query = {
       order_id: '42',
-      client_secret: 'pi_secret_42',
     }
     routerPush.mockReset()
     getOrder.mockReset().mockResolvedValue({ data: orderFactory() })
@@ -119,6 +149,42 @@ describe('StripePaymentView', () => {
     stripeInstance.confirmAlipayPayment.mockReset()
     stripeInstance.confirmWechatPayPayment.mockReset()
     window.localStorage.clear()
+    writeSnapshot()
+  })
+
+  it('uses the client secret from the local snapshot of the same order', async () => {
+    routeState.query.method = 'alipay'
+    mountView()
+    await flushPromises()
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(getOrder).toHaveBeenCalledWith(42)
+    expect(stripeInstance.confirmAlipayPayment).toHaveBeenCalledWith('pi_secret_42', expect.any(Object))
+  })
+
+  it('ignores a client secret supplied in the URL query', async () => {
+    window.localStorage.clear()
+    routeState.query = { order_id: '42', client_secret: 'pi_other_secret', method: 'alipay' }
+
+    const wrapper = mountView()
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(getOrder).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(loadStripe).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(stripeInstance.confirmAlipayPayment).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(wrapper.text()).toContain('payment.stripeMissingParams')
+  })
+
+  it('rejects a snapshot that belongs to a different order', async () => {
+    writeSnapshot({ orderId: 7, clientSecret: 'pi_secret_7' })
+    routeState.query = { order_id: '42', client_secret: 'pi_secret_42', method: 'alipay' }
+
+    const wrapper = mountView()
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(getOrder).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(stripeInstance.confirmAlipayPayment).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(wrapper.text()).toContain('payment.stripeMissingParams')
   })
 
   it.each(['alipay', 'wechat_pay', ''])('does not start %s payment after leaving during SDK loading', async (method) => {
@@ -178,7 +244,8 @@ describe('StripePaymentView', () => {
     expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
   })
 
-  it('本地恢复快照缺失时使用订单接口返回的 Stripe 币种展示金额', async () => {
+  it('本地恢复快照未记录币种时使用订单接口返回的 Stripe 币种展示金额', async () => {
+    writeSnapshot({ currency: '' })
     getOrder.mockResolvedValue({
       data: orderFactory({ currency: 'HKD', pay_amount: 103 }),
     })