feat(billing-probe): optionally sync account rate from upstream declared rate

Successful upstream billing probes already persist the upstream-declared
rate as a display-only snapshot. Add a per-account opt-in that writes
that declared rate back to the account's rate_multiplier, so the account
cost basis follows upstream repricing automatically instead of drifting
until an operator notices.

- new per-account flag upstream_billing_rate_sync_enabled stored next to
  the probe flag in account extra: enabling sync force-enables the
  probe, disabling the probe cascades sync off, and eligibility follows
  IsUpstreamBillingProbeIdentity (tightened from any non-empty platform
  to an explicit whitelist of the five supported API-key platforms so
  future platforms do not silently inherit probe/sync semantics)
- only a successful probe whose declared rate survives validation
  (finite, within bounds, not rounded to zero at the rate_multiplier
  decimal(10,4) scale) writes back; failed/unsupported/invalid probes
  leave rate_multiplier unchanged
- the writeback rides the existing snapshot CAS transaction:
  UpdateUpstreamBillingProbeSnapshot takes an optional rateMultiplier
  and applies it atomically with the snapshot under the same
  identity/snapshot compare-and-swap, so a probe result observed on a
  stale account cannot clobber a concurrent admin edit
- admin edit goes through UpdateWithAccountBillingSettings, which
  applies the form without overwriting a rate that a probe synchronized
  after the edit form was loaded (nil rateMultiplier = not edited);
  once sync is enabled the edit form shows the rate as managed
- bulk update rejects a manual rate_multiplier change when any target
  account has rate sync enabled (whole batch fails with a dedicated
  error so partial writes cannot bypass the sync ownership)
- frontend: sync toggle with hints in the edit modal (probe/sync
  enable/disable coupling enforced in the form), synced-rate tooltip on
  the rate cell, bulk edit modal warns and blocks rate edits that hit
  sync-enabled accounts; en/zh copy updated
- tests: service unit tests for sync gating/validation/cascade, sqlmock
  repo tests for the extended CAS, real-PostgreSQL integration tests
  (rate written only for successful+enabled accounts, manual rate
  protected after sync disabled, admin edit preserved across concurrent
  probe sync), handler/API contract updates, frontend specs for modal
  coupling, bulk rejection and rate cell

frontend/src/views/admin/AccountsView.vue

@@ -342,8 +342,17 @@
             </div>
           </template>
           <template #cell-rate_multiplier="{ row }">
-            <span class="text-sm font-mono text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300">
-              {{ (row.rate_multiplier ?? 1).toFixed(2) }}x
+            <span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1 text-sm font-mono text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300">
+              <span>{{ formatMultiplier(row.rate_multiplier ?? 1) }}x</span>
+              <span
+                v-if="row.extra?.upstream_billing_rate_sync_enabled === true"
+                class="inline-flex cursor-help text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-400"
+                :aria-label="t('admin.accounts.upstreamBilling.syncedRateTooltip')"
+                :title="t('admin.accounts.upstreamBilling.syncedRateTooltip')"
+                data-testid="account-rate-sync-indicator"
+              >
+                <Icon name="sync" size="xs" />
+              </span>
             </span>
           </template>
           <template #header-upstream_billing_rate="{ column }">
@@ -516,6 +525,7 @@ import { proxyExpiryBadgeClass, proxyExpiryLabelKey } from '@/utils/proxyExpiry'
 import { extractApiErrorMessage } from '@/utils/apiError'
 import { sanitizeUrl } from '@/utils/url'
 import { getFloatingPanelPosition } from '@/utils/floatingPanel'
+import { formatMultiplier } from '@/utils/formatters'
 import type { Account, AccountPlatform, AccountSchedulerGroupScore, AccountType, Proxy as AccountProxy, AdminGroup, WindowStats, ClaudeModel, UpstreamBillingProbeSnapshot } from '@/types'
 
 const { t } = useI18n()
@@ -1591,7 +1601,7 @@ const handleBulkProbeUpstreamBilling = async () => {
         patched = true
       }
     })
-    if (patched) await refreshUpstreamBillingSortedList(true)
+    if (patched) await refreshAccountsAfterUpstreamBillingProbe()
     const failed = results.filter(result => result.error).length
     if (failed > 0) {
       appStore.showError(t('admin.accounts.upstreamBilling.batchPartial', { success: results.length - failed, failed }))
@@ -1890,6 +1900,13 @@ const patchUpstreamBillingSnapshot = (accountID: number, snapshot: UpstreamBilli
     extra: { ...account.extra, upstream_billing_probe: snapshot }
   })
 }
+const refreshAccountsAfterUpstreamBillingProbe = async () => {
+  try {
+    await load()
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('Failed to refresh accounts after upstream billing probe:', error)
+  }
+}
 const handleProbeUpstreamBilling = async (account: Account) => {
   if (probingUpstreamBilling.has(account.id)) return
   probingUpstreamBilling.add(account.id)
@@ -1897,7 +1914,7 @@ const handleProbeUpstreamBilling = async (account: Account) => {
     const result = await adminAPI.accounts.probeUpstreamBilling(account.id)
     if (result.snapshot) {
       patchUpstreamBillingSnapshot(account.id, result.snapshot)
-      await refreshUpstreamBillingSortedList(true)
+      await refreshAccountsAfterUpstreamBillingProbe()
     }
   } catch (error) {
     console.error('Failed to probe upstream billing:', error)

frontend/src/views/admin/__tests__/AccountsView.bulkEdit.spec.ts

@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ const {
   getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings,
   getAllProxies,
   getAllGroups,
-  probeUpstreamBillingBatch
+  probeUpstreamBilling,
+  probeUpstreamBillingBatch,
+  showError,
+  showSuccess
 } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
   listAccounts: vi.fn(),
   listWithEtag: vi.fn(),
@@ -18,7 +21,10 @@ const {
   getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings: vi.fn(),
   getAllProxies: vi.fn(),
   getAllGroups: vi.fn(),
-  probeUpstreamBillingBatch: vi.fn()
+  probeUpstreamBilling: vi.fn(),
+  probeUpstreamBillingBatch: vi.fn(),
+  showError: vi.fn(),
+  showSuccess: vi.fn()
 }))
 
 vi.mock('@/api/admin', () => ({
@@ -31,6 +37,7 @@ vi.mock('@/api/admin', () => ({
       delete: vi.fn(),
       batchClearError: vi.fn(),
       batchRefresh: vi.fn(),
+      probeUpstreamBilling,
       probeUpstreamBillingBatch,
       toggleSchedulable: vi.fn()
     },
@@ -45,8 +52,8 @@ vi.mock('@/api/admin', () => ({
 
 vi.mock('@/stores/app', () => ({
   useAppStore: () => ({
-    showError: vi.fn(),
-    showSuccess: vi.fn(),
+    showError,
+    showSuccess,
     showInfo: vi.fn()
   })
 }))
@@ -75,6 +82,19 @@ const DataTableStub = {
       <div v-for="row in data" :key="row.id">
         <div data-test="select-row"><slot name="cell-select" :row="row" /></div>
         <slot name="cell-created_at" :value="row.created_at" :row="row" />
+        <div data-test="account-rate"><slot name="cell-rate_multiplier" :row="row" /></div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  `
+}
+
+const ProbeDataTableStub = {
+  props: ['data'],
+  template: `
+    <div>
+      <div v-for="row in data" :key="row.id">
+        <div data-test="account-rate"><slot name="cell-rate_multiplier" :row="row" /></div>
+        <slot name="cell-upstream_billing_rate" :row="row" />
       </div>
     </div>
   `
@@ -111,7 +131,10 @@ describe('admin AccountsView bulk edit scope', () => {
     getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings.mockReset()
     getAllProxies.mockReset()
     getAllGroups.mockReset()
+    probeUpstreamBilling.mockReset()
     probeUpstreamBillingBatch.mockReset()
+    showError.mockReset()
+    showSuccess.mockReset()
 
     listAccounts.mockResolvedValue({
       items: [],
@@ -129,6 +152,7 @@ describe('admin AccountsView bulk edit scope', () => {
     getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings.mockResolvedValue({ enabled: true, interval_minutes: 30 })
     getAllProxies.mockResolvedValue([])
     getAllGroups.mockResolvedValue([])
+    probeUpstreamBilling.mockResolvedValue({})
     probeUpstreamBillingBatch.mockResolvedValue([])
   })
 
@@ -376,33 +400,110 @@ describe('admin AccountsView bulk edit scope', () => {
     expect(probeUpstreamBillingBatch).toHaveBeenCalledWith([7, 11])
   })
 
-  it('reloads the server-sorted list after a batch probe changes a snapshot', async () => {
-    localStorage.setItem('account-table-sort', JSON.stringify({ key: 'upstream_billing_rate', order: 'asc' }))
-    const account = (id: number) => ({
+  it('refreshes the current page after a batch probe and displays the synced rate', async () => {
+    const account = (id: number, rateMultiplier: number) => ({
       id,
       name: `account-${id}`,
       platform: 'openai',
       type: 'apikey',
       status: 'active',
       schedulable: true,
+      rate_multiplier: rateMultiplier,
       created_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z',
       updated_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z'
     })
     listAccounts
-      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ items: [account(7)], total: 1, page: 1, page_size: 20, pages: 1 })
-      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ items: [account(7)], total: 1, page: 1, page_size: 20, pages: 1 })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ items: [account(7, 0.25)], total: 2, page: 1, page_size: 1, pages: 2 })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ items: [account(11, 0.25)], total: 2, page: 2, page_size: 1, pages: 2 })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ items: [account(11, 0.065)], total: 2, page: 2, page_size: 1, pages: 2 })
     probeUpstreamBillingBatch.mockResolvedValue([
       {
-        account_id: 7,
+        account_id: 11,
         snapshot: {
           status: 'ok',
-          data: { effective_rate_multiplier: 0.5 },
+          data: { effective_rate_multiplier: 0.065 },
           last_attempt_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z',
           next_probe_at: '2026-07-13T00:30:00Z'
         }
       }
     ])
 
+    const wrapper = mount(AccountsView, {
+      global: {
+        stubs: {
+          AppLayout: { template: '<div><slot /></div>' },
+          TablePageLayout: { template: '<div><slot name="table" /><slot name="pagination" /></div>' },
+          DataTable: DataTableStub,
+          AccountBulkActionsBar: AccountBulkActionsBarStub,
+          AccountTableActions: true,
+          AccountTableFilters: true,
+          AccountActionMenu: true,
+          Pagination: PaginationStub,
+          ConfirmDialog: true,
+          ImportDataModal: true,
+          ReAuthAccountModal: true,
+          AccountTestModal: true,
+          AccountStatsModal: true,
+          ScheduledTestsPanel: true,
+          SyncFromCrsModal: true,
+          TempUnschedStatusModal: true,
+          ErrorPassthroughRulesModal: true,
+          TLSFingerprintProfilesModal: true,
+          CreateAccountModal: true,
+          EditAccountModal: true,
+          BulkEditAccountModal: BulkEditAccountModalStub,
+          PlatformTypeBadge: true,
+          AccountCapacityCell: true,
+          AccountStatusIndicator: true,
+          AccountTodayStatsCell: true,
+          AccountGroupsCell: true,
+          AccountUsageCell: true,
+          Icon: true
+        }
+      }
+    })
+
+    await flushPromises()
+    await wrapper.get('[data-test="next-page"]').trigger('click')
+    await flushPromises()
+    await wrapper.get('[data-test="select-row"] input').trigger('change')
+    await wrapper.get('[data-test="probe-upstream-billing"]').trigger('click')
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(probeUpstreamBillingBatch).toHaveBeenCalledWith([11])
+    expect(listAccounts).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3)
+    expect(listAccounts.mock.calls[2]?.[0]).toBe(2)
+    expect(wrapper.get('[data-test="account-rate"]').text()).toBe('0.065x')
+  })
+
+  it('does not report a successful batch probe as failed when the list refresh fails', async () => {
+    const account = {
+      id: 7,
+      name: 'account-7',
+      platform: 'openai',
+      type: 'apikey',
+      status: 'active',
+      schedulable: true,
+      rate_multiplier: 0.25,
+      created_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z',
+      updated_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z'
+    }
+    listAccounts
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ items: [account], total: 1, page: 1, page_size: 20, pages: 1 })
+      .mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('refresh failed'))
+    probeUpstreamBillingBatch.mockResolvedValue([
+      {
+        account_id: 7,
+        snapshot: {
+          status: 'ok',
+          data: { effective_rate_multiplier: 0.065 },
+          last_attempt_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z',
+          next_probe_at: '2026-07-13T00:30:00Z'
+        }
+      }
+    ])
+    const consoleError = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
     const wrapper = mount(AccountsView, {
       global: {
         stubs: {
@@ -443,7 +544,78 @@ describe('admin AccountsView bulk edit scope', () => {
     await wrapper.get('[data-test="probe-upstream-billing"]').trigger('click')
     await flushPromises()
 
-    expect(probeUpstreamBillingBatch).toHaveBeenCalledWith([7])
+    expect(showError).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(showSuccess).toHaveBeenCalledWith('admin.accounts.upstreamBilling.batchCompleted')
+    consoleError.mockRestore()
+  })
+
+  it('refreshes the account row after a successful single-account probe', async () => {
+    const account = (rateMultiplier: number) => ({
+      id: 7,
+      name: 'account-7',
+      platform: 'openai',
+      type: 'apikey',
+      status: 'active',
+      schedulable: true,
+      rate_multiplier: rateMultiplier,
+      extra: { upstream_billing_probe_enabled: true },
+      created_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z',
+      updated_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z'
+    })
+    listAccounts
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ items: [account(0.25)], total: 1, page: 1, page_size: 20, pages: 1 })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ items: [account(0.065)], total: 1, page: 1, page_size: 20, pages: 1 })
+    probeUpstreamBilling.mockResolvedValue({
+      account_id: 7,
+      snapshot: {
+        status: 'ok',
+        data: { effective_rate_multiplier: 0.065 },
+        last_attempt_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z',
+        next_probe_at: '2026-07-13T00:30:00Z'
+      }
+    })
+
+    const wrapper = mount(AccountsView, {
+      global: {
+        stubs: {
+          AppLayout: { template: '<div><slot /></div>' },
+          TablePageLayout: { template: '<div><slot name="table" /></div>' },
+          DataTable: ProbeDataTableStub,
+          AccountBulkActionsBar: true,
+          AccountTableActions: true,
+          AccountTableFilters: true,
+          AccountActionMenu: true,
+          Pagination: true,
+          ConfirmDialog: true,
+          ImportDataModal: true,
+          ReAuthAccountModal: true,
+          AccountTestModal: true,
+          AccountStatsModal: true,
+          ScheduledTestsPanel: true,
+          SyncFromCrsModal: true,
+          TempUnschedStatusModal: true,
+          ErrorPassthroughRulesModal: true,
+          TLSFingerprintProfilesModal: true,
+          CreateAccountModal: true,
+          EditAccountModal: true,
+          BulkEditAccountModal: true,
+          PlatformTypeBadge: true,
+          AccountCapacityCell: true,
+          AccountStatusIndicator: true,
+          AccountTodayStatsCell: true,
+          AccountGroupsCell: true,
+          AccountUsageCell: true,
+          Icon: true
+        }
+      }
+    })
+
+    await flushPromises()
+    await wrapper.get('[data-testid="upstream-billing-probe"]').trigger('click')
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(probeUpstreamBilling).toHaveBeenCalledWith(7)
     expect(listAccounts).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(wrapper.get('[data-test="account-rate"]').text()).toBe('0.065x')
   })
 })

frontend/src/views/admin/__tests__/AccountsView.usageWindowsHint.spec.ts

@@ -75,6 +75,9 @@ const DataTableStub = {
           <slot :name="'header-' + column.key" :column="column" />
         </div>
       </template>
+      <div v-for="row in data" :key="row.id" data-test="account-rate">
+        <slot name="cell-rate_multiplier" :row="row" />
+      </div>
     </div>
   `
 }
@@ -189,4 +192,35 @@ describe('admin AccountsView usage windows hint', () => {
     const columns = wrapper.getComponent(DataTableStub).props('columns') as Array<{ key: string; sortable: boolean }>
     expect(columns.find(column => column.key === 'upstream_billing_rate')?.sortable).toBe(true)
   })
+
+  it('shows account multipliers with enough precision to match declared rates', async () => {
+    listAccounts.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      items: [{
+        id: 7,
+        name: 'precision-account',
+        platform: 'gemini',
+        type: 'apikey',
+        status: 'active',
+        schedulable: true,
+        rate_multiplier: 0.065,
+        extra: {
+          upstream_billing_probe_enabled: true,
+          upstream_billing_rate_sync_enabled: true
+        },
+        created_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z',
+        updated_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z'
+      }],
+      total: 1,
+      page: 1,
+      page_size: 20,
+      pages: 1
+    })
+
+    const wrapper = mountView()
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(wrapper.get('[data-test="account-rate"]').text()).toBe('0.065x')
+    const indicator = wrapper.get('[data-testid="account-rate-sync-indicator"]')
+    expect(indicator.attributes('title')).toBe('admin.accounts.upstreamBilling.syncedRateTooltip')
+  })
 })