fix: 完善上游 Sub2API 计费倍率探测与账号展示

frontend/src/views/admin/AccountsView.vue

@@ -132,41 +132,6 @@
                       <span class="flex-1 text-left">{{ t('admin.tlsFingerprintProfiles.title') }}</span>
                     </button>
 
-                    <div class="my-2 border-t border-gray-100 dark:border-gray-700"></div>
-                    <div class="space-y-2 px-3 py-2">
-                      <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
-                        <span class="text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-200">
-                          {{ t('admin.accounts.upstreamBilling.autoProbeSettings') }}
-                        </span>
-                        <Toggle
-                          v-model="upstreamBillingProbeSettings.enabled"
-                          :aria-label="t('admin.accounts.upstreamBilling.autoProbeSettings')"
-                        />
-                      </div>
-                      <div class="flex items-center gap-2">
-                        <label class="flex-1 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400" for="upstream-billing-probe-interval">
-                          {{ t('admin.accounts.upstreamBilling.intervalMinutes') }}
-                        </label>
-                        <input
-                          id="upstream-billing-probe-interval"
-                          v-model.number="upstreamBillingProbeSettings.interval_minutes"
-                          type="number"
-                          min="5"
-                          max="1440"
-                          class="input h-8 w-20 px-2 text-sm"
-                        />
-                        <button
-                          type="button"
-                          class="btn btn-secondary h-8 px-2"
-                          :disabled="upstreamBillingSettingsLoading || upstreamBillingSettingsSaving"
-                          :title="t('common.save')"
-                          @click="saveUpstreamBillingProbeSettings"
-                        >
-                          <Icon name="check" size="sm" />
-                        </button>
-                      </div>
-                    </div>
-
                     <div class="my-2 border-t border-gray-100 dark:border-gray-700"></div>
                     <div class="px-2 py-2">
                       <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
@@ -375,15 +340,17 @@
             </span>
           </template>
           <template #header-upstream_billing_rate="{ column }">
-            <div class="flex items-center">
+            <div class="flex items-center gap-1">
               <span>{{ column.label }}</span>
-              <HelpTooltip :content="t('admin.accounts.upstreamBilling.trustWarning')" width-class="w-80" />
+              <span @click.stop>
+                <HelpTooltip :content="t('admin.accounts.upstreamBilling.trustWarning')" width-class="w-80" />
+              </span>
             </div>
           </template>
           <template #cell-upstream_billing_rate="{ row }">
             <UpstreamBillingRateCell
               :account="row"
-              :interval-minutes="upstreamBillingProbeSettings.interval_minutes"
+              :global-probe-enabled="upstreamBillingProbeGloballyEnabled"
               :now="upstreamBillingNow"
               :probing="probingUpstreamBilling.has(row.id)"
               @probe="handleProbeUpstreamBilling(row)"
@@ -512,7 +479,6 @@ import AppLayout from '@/components/layout/AppLayout.vue'
 import TablePageLayout from '@/components/layout/TablePageLayout.vue'
 import DataTable from '@/components/common/DataTable.vue'
 import HelpTooltip from '@/components/common/HelpTooltip.vue'
-import Toggle from '@/components/common/Toggle.vue'
 import Pagination from '@/components/common/Pagination.vue'
 import ConfirmDialog from '@/components/common/ConfirmDialog.vue'
 import { CreateAccountModal, EditAccountModal, BulkEditAccountModal, SyncFromCrsModal, TempUnschedStatusModal } from '@/components/account'
@@ -541,7 +507,7 @@ import { formatDateTime, formatRelativeTime } from '@/utils/format'
 import { proxyExpiryBadgeClass, proxyExpiryLabelKey } from '@/utils/proxyExpiry'
 import { extractApiErrorMessage } from '@/utils/apiError'
 import { sanitizeUrl } from '@/utils/url'
-import type { Account, AccountPlatform, AccountSchedulerGroupScore, AccountType, Proxy as AccountProxy, AdminGroup, WindowStats, ClaudeModel, UpstreamBillingProbeSettings, UpstreamBillingProbeSnapshot } from '@/types'
+import type { Account, AccountPlatform, AccountSchedulerGroupScore, AccountType, Proxy as AccountProxy, AdminGroup, WindowStats, ClaudeModel, UpstreamBillingProbeSnapshot } from '@/types'
 
 const { t } = useI18n()
 const appStore = useAppStore()
@@ -619,14 +585,10 @@ const scheduleModelOptions = ref<SelectOption[]>([])
 const togglingSchedulable = ref<number | null>(null)
 const menu = reactive<{show:boolean, acc:Account|null, pos:{top:number, left:number}|null}>({ show: false, acc: null, pos: null })
 const exportingData = ref(false)
-const upstreamBillingProbeSettings = reactive<UpstreamBillingProbeSettings>({
-  enabled: true,
-  interval_minutes: 30
-})
-const upstreamBillingSettingsLoading = ref(false)
-const upstreamBillingSettingsSaving = ref(false)
 const probingUpstreamBilling = reactive(new Set<number>())
+const upstreamBillingProbeGloballyEnabled = ref<boolean | undefined>(undefined)
 const upstreamBillingNow = ref(Date.now())
+let lastUpstreamBillingSortRefreshMinute = -1
 useIntervalFn(() => { upstreamBillingNow.value = Date.now() }, 60_000)
 
 // Account tools dropdown
@@ -653,6 +615,7 @@ const ACCOUNT_SORTABLE_KEYS = new Set([
   'schedulable',
   'priority',
   'rate_multiplier',
+  'upstream_billing_rate',
   'last_used_at',
   'created_at',
   'expires_at'
@@ -968,8 +931,15 @@ const resetAutoRefreshCache = () => {
 
 const isFirstLoad = ref(true)
 
+function markUpstreamBillingSortRefresh() {
+  if (sortState.sort_by === 'upstream_billing_rate') {
+    lastUpstreamBillingSortRefreshMinute = Math.floor(Date.now() / 60_000)
+  }
+}
+
 const load = async () => {
   const requestParams = params as any
+  markUpstreamBillingSortRefresh()
   syncAccountListDerivedParams()
   hasPendingListSync.value = false
   resetAutoRefreshCache()
@@ -986,6 +956,7 @@ const load = async () => {
 }
 
 const reload = async () => {
+  markUpstreamBillingSortRefresh()
   syncAccountListDerivedParams()
   hasPendingListSync.value = false
   resetAutoRefreshCache()
@@ -994,6 +965,19 @@ const reload = async () => {
   await refreshTodayStatsBatch()
 }
 
+const refreshUpstreamBillingSortedList = async (force = false) => {
+  if (sortState.sort_by !== 'upstream_billing_rate') return
+
+  const minute = Math.floor(upstreamBillingNow.value / 60_000)
+  if (!force && lastUpstreamBillingSortRefreshMinute === minute) return
+  lastUpstreamBillingSortRefreshMinute = minute
+  try {
+    await reload()
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('Failed to refresh upstream billing sort:', error)
+  }
+}
+
 const debouncedReload = () => {
   syncAccountListDerivedParams()
   hasPendingListSync.value = false
@@ -1033,6 +1017,9 @@ const handleSort = (key: string, order: AccountSortOrder) => {
 }
 
 watch(loading, (isLoading, wasLoading) => {
+  if (wasLoading && !isLoading) {
+    upstreamBillingNow.value = Date.now()
+  }
   if (wasLoading && !isLoading && pendingTodayStatsRefresh.value) {
     pendingTodayStatsRefresh.value = false
     refreshTodayStatsBatch().catch((error) => {
@@ -1041,6 +1028,12 @@ watch(loading, (isLoading, wasLoading) => {
   }
 })
 
+watch(upstreamBillingNow, () => {
+  if (sortState.sort_by !== 'upstream_billing_rate' || loading.value) return
+  if (typeof document !== 'undefined' && document.hidden) return
+  void refreshUpstreamBillingSortedList()
+})
+
 const isAnyModalOpen = computed(() => {
   return (
     showCreate.value ||
@@ -1152,7 +1145,9 @@ const refreshAccountsIncrementally = async () => {
       pagination.pages = result.data.pages || 0
       mergeAccountsIncrementally(result.data.items || [])
       hasPendingListSync.value = false
+      markUpstreamBillingSortRefresh()
     }
+    upstreamBillingNow.value = Date.now()
 
     await refreshTodayStatsBatch()
   } catch (error) {
@@ -1163,11 +1158,20 @@ const refreshAccountsIncrementally = async () => {
 }
 
 const handleManualRefresh = async () => {
-  await load()
+  await Promise.all([load(), loadUpstreamBillingProbeGlobalState()])
   // Force usage cells to refetch /usage on explicit user refresh.
   usageManualRefreshToken.value += 1
 }
 
+const loadUpstreamBillingProbeGlobalState = async () => {
+  try {
+    const settings = await adminAPI.accounts.getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings()
+    upstreamBillingProbeGloballyEnabled.value = settings.enabled
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('Failed to load upstream billing probe settings:', error)
+  }
+}
+
 const closeAccountToolsDropdown = () => {
   showAccountToolsDropdown.value = false
 }
@@ -1197,31 +1201,6 @@ const openTLSFingerprintProfiles = () => {
   showTLSFingerprintProfiles.value = true
 }
 
-const loadUpstreamBillingProbeSettings = async () => {
-  upstreamBillingSettingsLoading.value = true
-  try {
-    Object.assign(upstreamBillingProbeSettings, await adminAPI.accounts.getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings())
-  } catch (error) {
-    console.error('Failed to load upstream billing probe settings:', error)
-  } finally {
-    upstreamBillingSettingsLoading.value = false
-  }
-}
-
-const saveUpstreamBillingProbeSettings = async () => {
-  upstreamBillingSettingsSaving.value = true
-  try {
-    const saved = await adminAPI.accounts.updateUpstreamBillingProbeSettings({ ...upstreamBillingProbeSettings })
-    Object.assign(upstreamBillingProbeSettings, saved)
-    appStore.showSuccess(t('admin.accounts.upstreamBilling.settingsSaved'))
-  } catch (error) {
-    console.error('Failed to save upstream billing probe settings:', error)
-    appStore.showError(extractApiErrorMessage(error, t('admin.accounts.upstreamBilling.settingsFailed')))
-  } finally {
-    upstreamBillingSettingsSaving.value = false
-  }
-}
-
 const syncPendingListChanges = async () => {
   hasPendingListSync.value = false
   await load()
@@ -1397,7 +1376,7 @@ const allColumns = computed(() => {
     { key: 'priority', label: t('admin.accounts.columns.priority'), sortable: true },
     { key: 'scheduler_score', label: t('admin.accounts.columns.schedulerScore'), sortable: false },
     { key: 'rate_multiplier', label: t('admin.accounts.columns.billingRateMultiplier'), sortable: true },
-    { key: 'upstream_billing_rate', label: t('admin.accounts.columns.upstreamBillingRate'), sortable: false },
+    { key: 'upstream_billing_rate', label: t('admin.accounts.columns.upstreamBillingRate'), sortable: true },
     { key: 'last_used_at', label: t('admin.accounts.columns.lastUsed'), sortable: true },
     { key: 'created_at', label: t('admin.accounts.columns.createdAt'), sortable: true },
     { key: 'expires_at', label: t('admin.accounts.columns.expiresAt'), sortable: true },
@@ -1521,9 +1500,14 @@ const handleBulkProbeUpstreamBilling = async () => {
   accountIDs.forEach(id => probingUpstreamBilling.add(id))
   try {
     const results = await adminAPI.accounts.probeUpstreamBillingBatch(accountIDs)
+    let patched = false
     results.forEach(result => {
-      if (result.snapshot) patchUpstreamBillingSnapshot(result.account_id, result.snapshot)
+      if (result.snapshot) {
+        patchUpstreamBillingSnapshot(result.account_id, result.snapshot)
+        patched = true
+      }
     })
+    if (patched) await refreshUpstreamBillingSortedList(true)
     const failed = results.filter(result => result.error).length
     if (failed > 0) {
       appStore.showError(t('admin.accounts.upstreamBilling.batchPartial', { success: results.length - failed, failed }))
@@ -1789,6 +1773,8 @@ const patchAccountInList = (updatedAccount: Account) => {
 const patchUpstreamBillingSnapshot = (accountID: number, snapshot: UpstreamBillingProbeSnapshot) => {
   const account = accounts.value.find(item => item.id === accountID)
   if (!account) return
+  markUpstreamBillingSortRefresh()
+  upstreamBillingNow.value = Date.now()
   patchAccountInList({
     ...account,
     extra: { ...account.extra, upstream_billing_probe: snapshot }
@@ -1799,7 +1785,10 @@ const handleProbeUpstreamBilling = async (account: Account) => {
   probingUpstreamBilling.add(account.id)
   try {
     const result = await adminAPI.accounts.probeUpstreamBilling(account.id)
-    if (result.snapshot) patchUpstreamBillingSnapshot(account.id, result.snapshot)
+    if (result.snapshot) {
+      patchUpstreamBillingSnapshot(account.id, result.snapshot)
+      await refreshUpstreamBillingSortedList(true)
+    }
   } catch (error) {
     console.error('Failed to probe upstream billing:', error)
     appStore.showError(extractApiErrorMessage(error, t('admin.accounts.upstreamBilling.probeFailed')))
@@ -2062,7 +2051,7 @@ const handleClickOutside = (event: MouseEvent) => {
 
 onMounted(async () => {
   load()
-  loadUpstreamBillingProbeSettings()
+  loadUpstreamBillingProbeGlobalState()
   try {
     const [p, g] = await Promise.all([adminAPI.proxies.getAll(), adminAPI.groups.getAll()])
     proxies.value = p

frontend/src/views/admin/SettingsView.vue

@@ -4028,6 +4028,92 @@
             </div>
           </div>
 
+          <!-- Upstream Billing Probe Settings -->
+          <div class="card" data-testid="upstream-billing-probe-settings">
+            <div
+              class="border-b border-gray-100 px-6 py-4 dark:border-dark-700"
+            >
+              <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold text-gray-900 dark:text-white">
+                {{ t("admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.title") }}
+              </h2>
+              <p class="mt-1 text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
+                {{ t("admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.description") }}
+              </p>
+            </div>
+            <div class="space-y-5 p-6">
+              <div
+                v-if="upstreamBillingProbeLoading"
+                class="flex items-center gap-2 text-gray-500"
+              >
+                <div
+                  class="h-4 w-4 animate-spin rounded-full border-b-2 border-primary-600"
+                ></div>
+                {{ t("common.loading") }}
+              </div>
+
+              <template v-else>
+                <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-4">
+                  <div>
+                    <label class="font-medium text-gray-900 dark:text-white">
+                      {{ t("admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.enabled") }}
+                    </label>
+                    <p class="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
+                      {{ t("admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.enabledHint") }}
+                    </p>
+                  </div>
+                  <Toggle
+                    v-model="upstreamBillingProbeForm.enabled"
+                    :aria-label="t('admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.enabled')"
+                    data-testid="upstream-billing-probe-enabled"
+                  />
+                </div>
+
+                <div
+                  v-if="upstreamBillingProbeForm.enabled"
+                  class="border-t border-gray-100 pt-4 dark:border-dark-700"
+                >
+                  <label
+                    class="mb-2 block text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300"
+                    for="upstream-billing-probe-interval"
+                  >
+                    {{ t("admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.intervalMinutes") }}
+                  </label>
+                  <input
+                    id="upstream-billing-probe-interval"
+                    v-model.number="upstreamBillingProbeForm.interval_minutes"
+                    type="number"
+                    min="5"
+                    max="1440"
+                    class="input w-32"
+                    data-testid="upstream-billing-probe-interval"
+                    @keydown.enter.prevent="saveUpstreamBillingProbeSettings"
+                  />
+                  <p class="mt-1.5 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
+                    {{ t("admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.intervalHint") }}
+                  </p>
+                </div>
+
+                <div
+                  class="flex justify-end border-t border-gray-100 pt-4 dark:border-dark-700"
+                >
+                  <button
+                    type="button"
+                    class="btn btn-primary btn-sm"
+                    :disabled="upstreamBillingProbeSaving"
+                    data-testid="upstream-billing-probe-save"
+                    @click="saveUpstreamBillingProbeSettings"
+                  >
+                    {{
+                      upstreamBillingProbeSaving
+                        ? t("common.saving")
+                        : t("common.save")
+                    }}
+                  </button>
+                </div>
+              </template>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
           <!-- Gateway Scheduling Settings -->
           <div class="card">
             <div
@@ -7652,6 +7738,14 @@ const adminApiKeyOperating = ref(false);
 const newAdminApiKey = ref("");
 const subscriptionGroups = ref<AdminGroup[]>([]);
 
+// Upstream billing probe state
+const upstreamBillingProbeLoading = ref(true);
+const upstreamBillingProbeSaving = ref(false);
+const upstreamBillingProbeForm = reactive({
+  enabled: true,
+  interval_minutes: 30,
+});
+
 // Overload Cooldown (529) 状态
 const overloadCooldownLoading = ref(true);
 const overloadCooldownSaving = ref(false);
@@ -10058,6 +10152,40 @@ function copyNewKey() {
     });
 }
 
+async function loadUpstreamBillingProbeSettings() {
+  upstreamBillingProbeLoading.value = true;
+  try {
+    Object.assign(
+      upstreamBillingProbeForm,
+      await adminAPI.accounts.getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings(),
+    );
+  } catch (_error: unknown) {
+    // Keep defaults when this optional setting cannot be loaded.
+  } finally {
+    upstreamBillingProbeLoading.value = false;
+  }
+}
+
+async function saveUpstreamBillingProbeSettings() {
+  upstreamBillingProbeSaving.value = true;
+  try {
+    const updated = await adminAPI.accounts.updateUpstreamBillingProbeSettings({
+      ...upstreamBillingProbeForm,
+    });
+    Object.assign(upstreamBillingProbeForm, updated);
+    appStore.showSuccess(t("admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.saved"));
+  } catch (error: unknown) {
+    appStore.showError(
+      extractApiErrorMessage(
+        error,
+        t("admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.saveFailed"),
+      ),
+    );
+  } finally {
+    upstreamBillingProbeSaving.value = false;
+  }
+}
+
 // Overload Cooldown 方法
 async function loadOverloadCooldownSettings() {
   overloadCooldownLoading.value = true;
@@ -10754,6 +10882,7 @@ onMounted(() => {
   loadSettings();
   loadSubscriptionGroups();
   loadAdminApiKey();
+  loadUpstreamBillingProbeSettings();
   loadOverloadCooldownSettings();
   loadRateLimit429CooldownSettings();
   loadStreamTimeoutSettings();

frontend/src/views/admin/__tests__/AccountsView.bulkEdit.spec.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ const {
   listAccounts,
   listWithEtag,
   getBatchTodayStats,
+  getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings,
   getAllProxies,
   getAllGroups,
   probeUpstreamBillingBatch
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ const {
   listAccounts: vi.fn(),
   listWithEtag: vi.fn(),
   getBatchTodayStats: vi.fn(),
+  getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings: vi.fn(),
   getAllProxies: vi.fn(),
   getAllGroups: vi.fn(),
   probeUpstreamBillingBatch: vi.fn()
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ vi.mock('@/api/admin', () => ({
       list: listAccounts,
       listWithEtag,
       getBatchTodayStats,
-      getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ enabled: true, interval_minutes: 30 }),
+      getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings,
       delete: vi.fn(),
       batchClearError: vi.fn(),
       batchRefresh: vi.fn(),
@@ -106,6 +108,7 @@ describe('admin AccountsView bulk edit scope', () => {
     listAccounts.mockReset()
     listWithEtag.mockReset()
     getBatchTodayStats.mockReset()
+    getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings.mockReset()
     getAllProxies.mockReset()
     getAllGroups.mockReset()
     probeUpstreamBillingBatch.mockReset()
@@ -123,6 +126,7 @@ describe('admin AccountsView bulk edit scope', () => {
       data: null
     })
     getBatchTodayStats.mockResolvedValue({ stats: {} })
+    getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings.mockResolvedValue({ enabled: true, interval_minutes: 30 })
     getAllProxies.mockResolvedValue([])
     getAllGroups.mockResolvedValue([])
     probeUpstreamBillingBatch.mockResolvedValue([])
@@ -242,6 +246,75 @@ describe('admin AccountsView bulk edit scope', () => {
     })
   })
 
+  it('passes the loaded global probe state to every upstream billing cell', async () => {
+    listAccounts.mockResolvedValue({
+      items: [
+        {
+          id: 1,
+          name: 'upstream',
+          platform: 'openai',
+          type: 'apikey',
+          status: 'active',
+          schedulable: true,
+          created_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z',
+          updated_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z'
+        }
+      ],
+      total: 1,
+      page: 1,
+      page_size: 20,
+      pages: 1
+    })
+    getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings.mockResolvedValue({ enabled: false, interval_minutes: 30 })
+
+    const wrapper = mount(AccountsView, {
+      global: {
+        stubs: {
+          AppLayout: { template: '<div><slot /></div>' },
+          TablePageLayout: { template: '<div><slot name="table" /></div>' },
+          DataTable: {
+            props: ['data'],
+            template: '<div><div v-for="row in data" :key="row.id"><slot name="cell-upstream_billing_rate" :row="row" /></div></div>'
+          },
+          UpstreamBillingRateCell: {
+            props: ['globalProbeEnabled'],
+            template: '<span data-test="upstream-billing-cell" :data-global-enabled="String(globalProbeEnabled)"></span>'
+          },
+          Pagination: true,
+          ConfirmDialog: true,
+          AccountTableActions: true,
+          AccountTableFilters: true,
+          AccountBulkActionsBar: true,
+          AccountActionMenu: true,
+          ImportDataModal: true,
+          ReAuthAccountModal: true,
+          AccountTestModal: true,
+          AccountStatsModal: true,
+          ScheduledTestsPanel: true,
+          SyncFromCrsModal: true,
+          TempUnschedStatusModal: true,
+          ErrorPassthroughRulesModal: true,
+          TLSFingerprintProfilesModal: true,
+          CreateAccountModal: true,
+          EditAccountModal: true,
+          BulkEditAccountModal: true,
+          PlatformTypeBadge: true,
+          AccountCapacityCell: true,
+          AccountStatusIndicator: true,
+          AccountTodayStatsCell: true,
+          AccountGroupsCell: true,
+          AccountUsageCell: true,
+          Icon: true
+        }
+      }
+    })
+
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(wrapper.get('[data-test="upstream-billing-cell"]').attributes('data-global-enabled')).toBe('false')
+  })
+
   it('submits selected account IDs from every page for backend eligibility checks', async () => {
     const account = (id: number) => ({
       id,
@@ -302,4 +375,75 @@ describe('admin AccountsView bulk edit scope', () => {
 
     expect(probeUpstreamBillingBatch).toHaveBeenCalledWith([7, 11])
   })
+
+  it('reloads the server-sorted list after a batch probe changes a snapshot', async () => {
+    localStorage.setItem('account-table-sort', JSON.stringify({ key: 'upstream_billing_rate', order: 'asc' }))
+    const account = (id: number) => ({
+      id,
+      name: `account-${id}`,
+      platform: 'openai',
+      type: 'apikey',
+      status: 'active',
+      schedulable: true,
+      created_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z',
+      updated_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z'
+    })
+    listAccounts
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ items: [account(7)], total: 1, page: 1, page_size: 20, pages: 1 })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ items: [account(7)], total: 1, page: 1, page_size: 20, pages: 1 })
+    probeUpstreamBillingBatch.mockResolvedValue([
+      {
+        account_id: 7,
+        snapshot: {
+          status: 'ok',
+          data: { effective_rate_multiplier: 0.5 },
+          last_attempt_at: '2026-07-13T00:00:00Z',
+          next_probe_at: '2026-07-13T00:30:00Z'
+        }
+      }
+    ])
+
+    const wrapper = mount(AccountsView, {
+      global: {
+        stubs: {
+          AppLayout: { template: '<div><slot /></div>' },
+          TablePageLayout: { template: '<div><slot name="table" /></div>' },
+          DataTable: DataTableStub,
+          AccountBulkActionsBar: AccountBulkActionsBarStub,
+          AccountTableActions: true,
+          AccountTableFilters: true,
+          AccountActionMenu: true,
+          Pagination: true,
+          ConfirmDialog: true,
+          ImportDataModal: true,
+          ReAuthAccountModal: true,
+          AccountTestModal: true,
+          AccountStatsModal: true,
+          ScheduledTestsPanel: true,
+          SyncFromCrsModal: true,
+          TempUnschedStatusModal: true,
+          ErrorPassthroughRulesModal: true,
+          TLSFingerprintProfilesModal: true,
+          CreateAccountModal: true,
+          EditAccountModal: true,
+          BulkEditAccountModal: BulkEditAccountModalStub,
+          PlatformTypeBadge: true,
+          AccountCapacityCell: true,
+          AccountStatusIndicator: true,
+          AccountTodayStatsCell: true,
+          AccountGroupsCell: true,
+          AccountUsageCell: true,
+          Icon: true
+        }
+      }
+    })
+
+    await flushPromises()
+    await wrapper.get('[data-test="select-row"] input').trigger('change')
+    await wrapper.get('[data-test="probe-upstream-billing"]').trigger('click')
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(probeUpstreamBillingBatch).toHaveBeenCalledWith([7])
+    expect(listAccounts).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
 })

frontend/src/views/admin/__tests__/AccountsView.usageWindowsHint.spec.ts

@@ -176,5 +176,7 @@ describe('admin AccountsView usage windows hint', () => {
     expect(wrapper.findAll('[data-test="usage-windows-hint"]').some(node =>
       node.text() === 'admin.accounts.upstreamBilling.trustWarning'
     )).toBe(true)
+    const columns = wrapper.getComponent(DataTableStub).props('columns') as Array<{ key: string; sortable: boolean }>
+    expect(columns.find(column => column.key === 'upstream_billing_rate')?.sortable).toBe(true)
   })
 })

frontend/src/views/admin/__tests__/SettingsView.spec.ts

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ const {
   getStreamTimeoutSettings,
   getRectifierSettings,
   getBetaPolicySettings,
+  getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings,
+  updateUpstreamBillingProbeSettings,
   getGroups,
   listProxies,
   getProviders,
@@ -38,6 +40,11 @@ const {
   getStreamTimeoutSettings: vi.fn(),
   getRectifierSettings: vi.fn(),
   getBetaPolicySettings: vi.fn(),
+  getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+    enabled: true,
+    interval_minutes: 30,
+  }),
+  updateUpstreamBillingProbeSettings: vi.fn().mockImplementation(async (payload) => payload),
   getGroups: vi.fn(),
   listProxies: vi.fn(),
   getProviders: vi.fn(),
@@ -67,6 +74,10 @@ vi.mock("@/api", () => ({
       getRectifierSettings,
       getBetaPolicySettings,
     },
+    accounts: {
+      getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings,
+      updateUpstreamBillingProbeSettings,
+    },
     groups: {
       getAll: getGroups,
     },
@@ -184,6 +195,14 @@ vi.mock("vue-i18n", async () => {
     "admin.settings.openaiExperimentalScheduler.upstreamCostWeight": "计费倍率",
     "admin.settings.openaiExperimentalScheduler.previousResponseWeight": "previous_response 粘性",
     "admin.settings.openaiExperimentalScheduler.sessionStickyWeight": "session_hash 粘性",
+    "admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.title": "上游倍率自动探测",
+    "admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.description": "定期获取 OpenAI API Key 所连接上游 Sub2API 站点声明的计费倍率。",
+    "admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.enabled": "启用全局自动探测",
+    "admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.enabledHint": "开启后，仅对账号自身已启用自动检测的账号执行定时探测。",
+    "admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.intervalMinutes": "探测周期（分钟）",
+    "admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.intervalHint": "范围 5–1440 分钟。",
+    "admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.saved": "上游倍率自动探测设置已保存",
+    "admin.settings.upstreamBillingProbe.saveFailed": "保存上游倍率自动探测设置失败",
     "admin.settings.site.uploadImage": "上传图片",
     "admin.settings.site.remove": "移除",
     "admin.settings.platformQuota.platform": "平台",
@@ -517,6 +536,16 @@ async function openSecurityTab(wrapper: ReturnType<typeof mountView>) {
   await flushPromises();
 }
 
+async function openGatewayTab(wrapper: ReturnType<typeof mountView>) {
+  const gatewayTabButton = wrapper
+    .findAll("button")
+    .find((node) => node.text().includes("admin.settings.tabs.gateway"));
+
+  expect(gatewayTabButton).toBeDefined();
+  await gatewayTabButton?.trigger("click");
+  await flushPromises();
+}
+
 async function openUsersTab(wrapper: ReturnType<typeof mountView>) {
   const usersTabButton = wrapper
     .findAll("button")
@@ -540,6 +569,8 @@ describe("admin SettingsView payment visible method controls", () => {
     getStreamTimeoutSettings.mockReset();
     getRectifierSettings.mockReset();
     getBetaPolicySettings.mockReset();
+    getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings.mockReset();
+    updateUpstreamBillingProbeSettings.mockReset();
     getGroups.mockReset();
     listProxies.mockReset();
     getProviders.mockReset();
@@ -595,6 +626,11 @@ describe("admin SettingsView payment visible method controls", () => {
     getBetaPolicySettings.mockResolvedValue({
       rules: [],
     });
+    getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings.mockResolvedValue({
+      enabled: true,
+      interval_minutes: 30,
+    });
+    updateUpstreamBillingProbeSettings.mockImplementation(async (payload) => payload);
     getGroups.mockResolvedValue([]);
     listProxies.mockResolvedValue({
       items: [],
@@ -848,6 +884,38 @@ describe("admin SettingsView payment visible method controls", () => {
     expect(wrapper.text()).not.toContain("OpenAI 高级调度器");
   });
 
+  it("loads and saves upstream billing probe settings from the gateway tab", async () => {
+    getUpstreamBillingProbeSettings.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      enabled: false,
+      interval_minutes: 45,
+    });
+
+    const wrapper = mountView();
+
+    await flushPromises();
+    await openGatewayTab(wrapper);
+
+    const card = wrapper.get('[data-testid="upstream-billing-probe-settings"]');
+    expect(card.isVisible()).toBe(true);
+    expect(card.text()).toContain("上游倍率自动探测");
+    expect(
+      (card.get('[data-testid="upstream-billing-probe-enabled"]').element as HTMLInputElement)
+        .checked,
+    ).toBe(false);
+    expect(card.find('[data-testid="upstream-billing-probe-interval"]').exists()).toBe(false);
+
+    await card.get('[data-testid="upstream-billing-probe-enabled"]').setValue(true);
+    await card.get('[data-testid="upstream-billing-probe-interval"]').setValue(60);
+    await card.get('[data-testid="upstream-billing-probe-save"]').trigger("click");
+    await flushPromises();
+
+    expect(updateUpstreamBillingProbeSettings).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      enabled: true,
+      interval_minutes: 60,
+    });
+    expect(showSuccess).toHaveBeenCalledWith("上游倍率自动探测设置已保存");
+  });
+
   it("places and explains rate controls for both scheduling modes", async () => {
     const wrapper = mountView();